Concept
Periodate
Related concepts (4)
Periodic acid
Periodic acid (ˌpɜːraɪˈɒdᵻk ) is the highest oxoacid of iodine, in which the iodine exists in oxidation state +7. It can exist in two forms: orthoperiodic acid, with the chemical formula , and metaperiodic acid, which has the formula . Periodic acid was discovered by Heinrich Gustav Magnus and C. F. Ammermüller in 1833. Modern industrial scale production involves the oxidation of a solution of sodium iodate under alkaline conditions, either electrochemically on a anode, or by treatment with chlorine: (counter ions omitted for clarity) E° = -1.
Sodium periodate
Sodium periodate is an inorganic salt, composed of a sodium cation and the periodate anion. It may also be regarded as the sodium salt of periodic acid. Like many periodates, it can exist in two different forms: sodium metaperiodate (formula NaIO4) and sodium orthoperiodate (normally Na2H3IO6, but sometimes the fully reacted salt Na5IO6). Both salts are useful oxidising agents. Classically, periodate was most commonly produced in the form of sodium hydrogen periodate ().
Staining
Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology (microscopic study of biological tissues), in cytology (microscopic study of cells), and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology that focus on the study and diagnoses of diseases at the microscopic level. Stains may be used to define biological tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers or connective tissue), cell populations (classifying different blood cells), or organelles within individual cells.
Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a violet gas at . The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 and was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Ancient Greek Ιώδης 'violet-coloured'. Iodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I−), iodate (IO3-), and the various periodate anions.