Personality disorder

Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions vary by source and remain a matter of controversy. Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Personality, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish individual humans. Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that deviate from social norms and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, e

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The variability of contact position errors in apraxic imitation

Aude Billard, Biljana Petreska von Ritter-Zahony

Apraxia is a poorly understood disorder of voluntary movement that is not due to basic sensory, motor or cognitive deficits. We conducted a study on the imitation of meaningless gestures in apraxic patients with left fronto-temporo-parietal lesions. In a first condition, the patients were instructed to imitate the orientation and position of a hand touching the face (complex task). In a second condition, the patients were instructed to solely imitate the position of contact between the face and hand, using any orientation of the hand (simple task). We did not observe contact position errors (CPEs) in the simple task, which argues in favor of preserved spatial and motor representations of the body. However, the patients made a substantial amount of CPEs in the complex task, indicating a misuse of these spatial and motor representations of the body when the task involved several imitation goals (e.g. the thumb touches the nose and the hand is oriented vertically). The error variability was remarkably low across trials. Most of the CPEs could be explained by an incorrect coordination between the reproductions of multiple imitation goals. If simple movements are easier to imitate and less prone to errors, an efficient rehabilitation therapy may use movements of increasing complexity.

2010

Le dehors de toute fête : une sociologie urbaine de la sécurité au Montreux Jazz Festival

Lucien Jean Delley

This thesis is the result of four years of investigation carried out as « security coordinator » of the Monteux Jazz Festival. From this operational commitment, I sought to understand : how the festival is integrated into the city ; what affects the safety of the public and disturbs the urban order ; the apparatus implemented for risk management. The analyses focus on two spatial figures: the club and the park. The first part retraces the difficult adoption of electronic music in the 1990s, before raising questions pertaining to the Strobe Klub in situ, in particular the conditions of production of clubbing - an experience now largely integrated into the regulated and profitable system of urban leisure. The second part focuses on the festive occupation of a public park located outside the perimeter of the event; from a night that degenerates between young people and the police, to the development and implementation of an urban mediation project. The results of this research allow to draw a sociological framework for the festive space by highlighting three urban security regimes (tension, domestication, taming) which correspond to specific ways of dealing with risk (fear, suspicion, relationship) and are part of a dialectic of outside/inside (exclusion, selection, inclusion). These are both personal and collective ways of engaging and experiencing disorder, of preparing spaces or implementing practices. The importance of social work in the management of large public events and other crowd moments also emerges. The «outside of any party» is not only a spatial outside, but the unpredictable part which, in the perspective of hospitality, allows us to reexamine urban security policies.

EPFL2022

Schizotypal Perceptual Aberrations of Time: Correlation between Score, Behavior and Brain Activity

Olaf Blanke, Christine Mohr

A fundamental trait of the human self is its continuum experience of space and time. Perceptual aberrations of this spatial and temporal continuity is a major characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disturbances – including schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder and schizotypy. We have previously found the classical Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) scores, related to body and space, to be positively correlated with both behavior and temporo-parietal activation in healthy participants performing a task involving self-projection in space. However, not much is known about the relationship between temporal perceptual aberration, behavior and brain activity. To this aim, we composed a temporal Perceptual Aberration Scale (tPAS) similar to the traditional PAS. Testing on 170 participants suggested similar performance for PAS and tPAS. We then correlated tPAS and PAS scores to participants' performance and neural activity in a task of self-projection in time. tPAS scores correlated positively with reaction times across task conditions, as did PAS scores. Evoked potential mapping and electrical neuroimaging showed self-projection in time to recruit a network of brain regions at the left anterior temporal cortex, right temporo-parietal junction, and occipito-temporal cortex, and duration of activation in this network positively correlated with tPAS and PAS scores. These data demonstrate that schizotypal perceptual aberrations of both time and space, as reflected by tPAS and PAS scores, are positively correlated with performance and brain activation during self-projection in time in healthy individuals along the schizophrenia spectrum.

Public Library of Science2011

Mental disorder

A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. A mental dis

Borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of intense and unstable interpers

Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in

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