Earthing system

An earthing system (UK and IEC) or grounding system (US) connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground, typically the Earth's conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants. In addition to electric power systems, other systems may require grounding for safety or function. Tall structures may have lightning rods as part of a system to protect them from lightning strikes. Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one conductor of a circuit, saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long circuit. Radio antennas may require particular grounding for operation, as well

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Grounding is not Shared Understanding: Distinguishing Grounding at an Utterance and Knowledge Level

Mauro Cherubini, Jakko Van der Pol

This paper argues that for the study and facilitation of collaborative learning, existing theories of grounding such as that of Clark and Shaefer [5] cannot be applied without adjustments. When comparing collaborative learning and conversation, four dimensions can be identified where grounding at a knowledge level differs from the grounding at an utterance level. Firstly, the indirect access and the existence of a range of manifest meanings, poses the need for a notion of groundedness'. Secondly, we propose providing evidence in co-referenced actions' to be an important process as well as an additional marker to assess grounding. Thirdly, instead of simply repairing misunderstandings after they arise,

perspective taking' becomes a more prominent mechanism. Fourthly, effort into grounding is turned from needing to be minimised, into needing to be

optimised'.

2005

Frequency-domain analysis of ground electrodes buried in an ionized soil when subjected to surge currents: A MoM–AOM approach

Keyhan Sheshyekani

A frequency-domain method is proposed for the transient analysis of grounding systems with ionized soil. The method involves two stages. First, the grounding system is transformed into a nonlinear equivalent circuit, in which the frequency-domain circuit parameters of the grounding electrodes are extracted by the method of moment (MoM) and the nonlinear part of the equivalent circuit represents the soil ionization. Soil ionization is represented by a nonlinear load whose characteristics can be specified based on either experimental data or theoretical models, without any limitations in the order of nonlinearity. In the second stage the nonlinear equivalent circuit is treated using the arithmetic operator method (AOM). The AOM uses a linear matrix transformation of spectra to perform basic arithmetic operations in the frequency-domain. The main feature of the proposed method is its efficiency in dealing with the nonlinear behavior of soil ionization in the frequency-domain solution of grounding systems by the MoM. It also enables one to consider the actual nonlinear behavior of soil ionization specified by experimental data or appropriate theoretical models. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2011

2008

Ground and neutral

In electrical engineering, ground and neutral are circuit conductors used in alternating current (AC) electrical systems. The ground circuit is connected to earth, and neutral circuit is usually con

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In electrical engineering, ground or earth may be a reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connect

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Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets, and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subject to safety stand

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