P-group

Summary

In mathematics, specifically group theory, given a prime number p, a p-group is a group in which the order of every element is a power of p. That is, for each element g of a p-group G, there exists a nonnegative integer n such that the product of pn copies of g, and not fewer, is equal to the identity element. The orders of different elements may be different powers of p. Abelian p-groups are also called p-primary or simply primary. A finite group is a p-group if and only if its order (the number of its elements) is a power of p. Given a finite group G, the Sylow theorems guarantee the existence of a subgroup of G of order pn for every prime power pn that divides the order of G. Every finite p-group is nilpotent. The remainder of this article deals with finite p-groups. For an example of an infinite abelian p-group, see Prüfer group, and for an example of an infinite simple p-group, see Tarski monster group. Properties Every p-group is periodic since by definition eve

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All the results in this work concern (finite) p-groups. Chapter 1 is concerned with classifications of some classes of p-groups of class 2 and there are no particularly new results in this chapter, which serves more as an introductory chapter. The "geometric" method we use for these classifications differs however from the standard approach, especially for p-groups of class 2 with cyclic center, and can be of some interest in this situation. This "geometry" will for instance, prove to be particularly useful for the description of the automorphism groups performed in Chapter 3. Our main results can be found in chapters 2 and Chapter 3. The results of Chapter 2 have a geometric flavour and concern the study of upper intervals in the poset Ap(P) for p-groups P. We already know from work of Bouc and Thévenaz [8], that Ap(P)≥2 is always homotopy equivalent to a wedge of spheres. The first main result in Section 2.4, is a sharp upper bound, depending only on the order of the group, to the dimension of the spheres occurring in Ap(P)≥2. More precisely, we show that if P has order pn, then H~k(Ap(P)≥2) = 0 if k ≥ ⎣n-1/2⎦. The second main result in this section is a characterization of the p-groups for which this bound is reached. The main results in Section 2.3 are numerical values for the number of the spheres occurring in Ap(P)≥2 and their dimension, when P is a p-group with a cyclic derived subgroup. Using these calculations, we determine precisely in Section 2.5, for which p-groups with a cyclic center, the poset Ap(P) is homotopically Cohen-Macaulay. Section 2.7 is an attempt to generalize the work of Bouc and Thévenaz [8]. The main result of this section is a spectral sequence E1rs converging to H~r+s(Ap(P)>Z), for any Z ∈ Ap(P). We show also that this spectral sequence can be used to recover Bouc and Thévenaz's results [8]. In Section 2.8, we give counterexamples to results of Fumagalli [12]. As an important consequence, Fumagalli's claim that Ap(G) is homotopy equivalent to a wedge of spheres, for solvable groups G, seems to remain an open question. The results of Chapter 3 are more algebraic and concern automorphism groups of p-groups. The main result is a description of Aut(P), when P is any group in one of the following two classes: p-groups with a cyclic Frattini subgroup. odd order p-groups of class 2 such that the quotient by the center is homocyclic.

EPFL2009

Elementary abelian subgroups in p-groups with a cyclic derived group

David Bornand

Let p be an arbitrary prime and let P be a finite p-group. The general objective of this paper is to obtain refined information on the homotopy type of the poset of all non-trivial elementary abelian subgroups of P, ordered by inclusion, and the poset of all elementary abelian subgroups of P of rank at least 2.

Elsevier2011

Relative Projectivity and Relative Endotrivial Modules

Caroline Lassueur

This dissertation is concerned with modular representation theory of finite groups, and more precisely, with the study of classes of representations, which we shall term relative endotrivial modules. Given a prime number p, a finite group G of order divisible by p, we shall say that a kG-module M is endotrivial relatively to the kG-module V if its endomorphism algebra Endk(M) is isomorphic, as a kG-module, to a direct sum of a trivial module and another module which is projective relatively to V , i.e. in short Endk(M) ≅ k ⊕ (V – projective). More accurately, in the first part of the text projectivity relative to kG-modules is used to define groups of relative endotrivial modules, which are obtained by replacing the notion of projectivity with that of relative projectivity in the definition of ordinary endotrivial modules. However, in order to achieve this goal we first need to develop the theory of projectivity relative to modules, in particular with respect to standard group operations such as induction, restriction and inflation. Then, for finite groups having a cyclic Sylow p-subgroup, using the structure of the group T(G) of endotrivial modules described in [MT07], we give a complete classification of the groups of relative endotrivial modules. We also study the case of groups that have a Sylow p-subgroup isomorphic to a Klein group C2 × C2, as well as the case of p-nilpotent groups. In a second part of the text, it is shown how our new groups of relative endotrivial modules provide a natural context to generalise the Dade group of a p-group P to an arbitrary finite group. The classification of endo-permutation modules and the complete description of the structure of the Dade group D(P) was completed in 2004 by S. Bouc with [Bou06]. This adventure had started about 25 years earlier with the first papers and results by E. Dade in [Dad78a] and [Dad78b] in 1978, and the final classification was in fact achieved through the non-effortless combined work of several (co)-authors between 1998 and 2004, including S. Bouc, J. Carlson, N. Mazza and J. Thévenaz. It is most interesting to note that crucial building pieces for this classification are indeed the endotrivial modules, which are particular cases of endo-permutation modules. Yet, for an arbitrary finite group G, no satisfying equivalent group structure to the Dade group on a class of kG-modules has been defined so far. With the goal to fill this gap, we turn the problem upside down, in some sense, and show how one can regard an endo-permutation module as an endotrivial module, of course not in the ordinary sense, but in the relative sense. This shall enable us to endow a set of isomorphism classes of endo-p-permutation modules with a group structure, similar to that of the Dade group. We shall call this new group, the generalised Dade group of the group G, explicitly compute its structure and show how it is closely related to that of the G-stable points of the Dade group of a Sylow p-subgroup of G.

EPFL2012

Relative Projectivity and Relative Endotrivial Modules

Caroline Lassueur

EPFL2012

EPFL2009