Visual agnosia

Visual agnosia is an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects. It is not due to a deficit in vision (acuity, visual field, and scanning), language, memory, or intellect. While cortical blindness results from lesions to primary visual cortex, visual agnosia is often due to damage to more anterior cortex such as the posterior occipital and/or temporal lobe(s) in the brain.[2] There are two types of visual agnosia: apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia. Recognition of visual objects occurs at two primary levels. At an apperceptive level, the features of the visual information from the retina are put together to form a perceptual representation of an object. At an associative level, the meaning of an object is attached to the perceptual representation and the object is identified. If a person is unable to recognize objects because they cannot perceive correct forms of the objects, although their knowledge of the objects is intact (i.e. they do not have anomia), they

Astrocytic and neuronal oxidative metabolism are coupled to the rate of glutamate-glutamine cycle in the tree shrew visual cortex

Anne Catherine Clerc, João Miguel das Neves Duarte, Rolf Gruetter, Nathalie Just, Gregor Rainer, Sarah Catherine Sonnay

Astrocytes play an important role in glutamatergic neurotransmission, namely by clearing synaptic glutamate and converting it into glutamine that is transferred back to neurons. The rate of this glutamate–glutamine cycle (VNT) has been proposed to couple to that of glucose utilization and of neuronal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that glutamatergic neurotransmission is also coupled to the TCA cycle rate in astrocytes. For that we investigated energy metabolism by means of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the primary visual cortex of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) under light isoflurane anesthesia at rest and during continuous visual stimulation. After identifying the activated cortical volume by blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging, 1H MRS was performed to measure stimulation-induced variations in metabolite concentrations. Relative to baseline, stimulation of cortical activity for 20 min caused a reduction of glucose concentration by −0.34 ± 0.09 µmol/g (p < 0.001), as well as a −9% ± 1% decrease of the ratio of phosphocreatine-to-creatine (p < 0.05). Then 13C MRS during [1,6-13C]glucose infusion was employed to measure fluxes of energy metabolism. Stimulation of glutamatergic activity, as indicated by a 20% increase of VNT, resulted in increased TCA cycle rates in neurons by 12% ( math formula, p < 0.001) and in astrocytes by 24% ( math formula, p = 0.007). We further observed linear relationships between VNT and both math formula and math formula. Altogether, these results suggest that in the tree shrew primary visual cortex glutamatergic neurotransmission is linked to overall glucose oxidation and to mitochondrial metabolism in both neurons and astrocytes.

Wiley-Blackwell2018

Real-world tasks with full control over the visual scene: combining mobile gaze tracking and 4pi light-field measurements

Marilyne Andersen, Mandana Sarey Khanie, Jan Wienold

Measuring gaze allocation during scene perception typically faces a dilemma: full control over the stimulus requires comparably constrained scenarios, while realistic tasks leave the visual input hard to control. We propose to capture the full (4pi) light-field of an oce space, while participants perform typical oce tasks. Using a wearable eye-tracking device ("EyeSeeCam"), gaze, head and body orientation are measured along with subjective well-being and performance. In the present study, 52 participants performed four oce tasks ("input", "reflection", "output", "interaction"), each with three dierent tools (phone, computer, paper) under varying lighting conditions and outside views. We found that eye and head were fundamentally differently affected by view and that this dependence was modulated by task and tool, unless participants' task was related to reading. Importantly, for some tasks head movements rather than eye movements dominated gaze allocation. Since head and body movements frequently remain unaddressed in eye-tracking studies, our data highlight the importance of unconstrained settings. Beyond assessing the interaction between top-down (task-related) and bottom-up (stimulus-related) factors for deploying gaze and attention under real-world conditions, such data are inevitable for realistic models of optimal workplace lighting and thus for the well-being of an occupant's workplace.

2013

Astrocytic and neuronal oxidative metabolism are coupled to the rate of glutamate-glutamine cycle in the tree shrew visual cortex

Anne Catherine Clerc, João Miguel das Neves Duarte, Rolf Gruetter, Nathalie Just, Gregor Rainer, Sarah Catherine Sonnay

Wiley-Blackwell2018

Astrocytic and neuronal oxidative metabolism are coupled to the rate of glutamate-glutamine cycle in the tree shrew visual cortex

Rates oxidative metabolism in astrocytes and neurons are coupled to the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the tree shrew visual cortex

Real-world tasks with full control over the visual scene: combining mobile gaze tracking and 4pi light-field measurements

Astrocytic and neuronal oxidative metabolism are coupled to the rate of glutamate-glutamine cycle in the tree shrew visual cortex

Rates oxidative metabolism in astrocytes and neurons are coupled to the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the tree shrew visual cortex

Real-world tasks with full control over the visual scene: combining mobile gaze tracking and 4pi light-field measurements