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Concept
Torsion of a curve
Summary
In the differential geometry of curves in three dimensions, the torsion of a curve measures how sharply it is twisting out of the osculating plane. Taken together, the curvature and the torsion of a space curve are analogous to the curvature of a plane curve. For example, they are coefficients in the system of differential equations for the Frenet frame given by the Frenet–Serret formulas.
Let r be a space curve parametrized by arc length s and with the unit tangent vector T. If the curvature κ of r at a certain point is not zero then the principal normal vector and the binormal vector at that point are the unit vectors
respectively, where the prime denotes the derivative of the vector with respect to the parameter s. The torsion τ measures the speed of rotation of the binormal vector at the given point. It is found from the equation
which means
As , this is equivalent to .
Remark: The derivative of the binormal vector is perpendicular to both the binormal and the tangent, hence it has to be proportional to the principal normal vector. The negative sign is simply a matter of convention: it is a byproduct of the historical development of the subject.
Geometric relevance: The torsion τ(s) measures the turnaround of the binormal vector. The larger the torsion is, the faster the binormal vector rotates around the axis given by the tangent vector (see ). In the animated figure the rotation of the binormal vector is clearly visible at the peaks of the torsion function.
A plane curve with non-vanishing curvature has zero torsion at all points. Conversely, if the torsion of a regular curve with non-vanishing curvature is identically zero, then this curve belongs to a fixed plane.
The curvature and the torsion of a helix are constant. Conversely, any space curve whose curvature and torsion are both constant and non-zero is a helix. The torsion is positive for a right-handed helix and is negative for a left-handed one.
Let r = r(t) be the parametric equation of a space curve.
Official source
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