Volt

Summary

The volt (symbol: V) is the unit of electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827). Definition One volt is defined as the electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. Equivalently, it is the potential difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it. It can be expressed in terms of SI base units (m, kg, s, and A) as : \text{V} = \frac{\text{potential energy}}{\text{charge}} = \frac{\text{J}}{\text{C}} = \frac{\text{kg}{\cdot}\text{m}^2{\cdot}\text{s}^{-2}}{\text{A}{\cdot}\text{s}} = \text{kg}{\cdot}\text{m}^2{\cdot}\text{s}^{-3}{\cdot}{\text{A}^{-1}}. It can also be expr

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Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance

Antonio Abate, Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena, Konrad Domanski, Ulf Anders Hagfeldt, Taisuke Matsui, Michael Saliba, Jiyoun Seo, Wolfgang Richard Tress, Amita Ummadisingu, Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin

All of the cations currently used in perovskite solar cells abide by the tolerance factor for incorporation into the lattice. We show that the small and oxidation-stable rubidium cation (Rb+) can be embedded into a "cation cascade" to create perovskite materials with excellent material properties. We achieved stabilized efficiencies of up to 21.6% (average value, 20.2%) on small areas (and a stabilized 19.0% on a cell 0.5 square centimeters in area) as well as an electroluminescence of 3.8%. The open-circuit voltage of 1.24 volts at a band gap of 1.63 electron volts leads to a loss in potential of 0.39 volts, versus 0.4 volts for commercial silicon cells. Polymer-coated cells maintained 95% of their initial performance at 85 degrees C for 500 hours under full illumination and maximum power point tracking.

2016

A Novel 1V, 24μW, ∑∆ Modulator Using Amplifier & Comparator Based Switched Capacitor Technique, with 10-kHz Bandwidth and 64dB SNDR

Shafqat Ali, Pierre-André Farine, Steve Tanner

A new technique, Amplifier and Comparator Based Switched Capacitor (ACBSC) for low voltage switched cap circuits, is presented. ACBSC combines the recently introduced CBSC (comparator based switched capacitor circuit) with an amplifier. The current sources in ACBSC experience less output voltage swing compared to the ones in CBSC. We apply ACBSC to the design of a 3rd-order sigma delta modulator in a 0.18 μm CMOS process technology, with a bandwidth of 10 kHz. Simulations show that the SDM achieves a peak SNDR of higher than 64 dB and consumes 24 μW from 1 Volt supply.

2010

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Physics-based models of electrochemical cells are of great interest for the future battery management systems (BMSs), due to their accuracy and capability to predict cell physical states. One of their main disadvantages, when compared to equivalent circuit models, is the fact that they rely on numerous parameters. The identification of these parameters is difficult and usually needs the tear-down of the cell and detailed electrochemical analyses. In this work, we address this issue by developing a novel non-invasive procedure for the parameter identification of a single-particle model (SPM) of a Li-ion cell. The main contributions are: (i) the reformulation of the SPM in order to achieve a minimum number of grouped parameters to be identified; (ii) the formulation of a series of experimental tests capable to identify individually and non-invasively given subsets of these parameters. Notably, we craft specific tests to identify separately the parameters related to equilibrium, intercalation and diffusive phenomena that occur within the cell; (iii) the validation of the reformulated SPM and the associated parameter identification procedure through comparison of simulation results with both synthetic and experimental data. The former are obtained from a detailed pseudo-2-dimensional (P2D) model of a MCMB-LiCoO2 cell. The latter are obtained through experimental tests performed on a Lithium-titanate cell. Both are cycled with current profiles representative of power-grid and electric-vehicles (EVs) operating conditions. For these profiles, the model identified versus synthetic data achieves a root-mean-square error lower than 0.3% on the cell states and lower than 0.75% on the cell voltage. The model identified versus experimental data achieves a root-mean-square error on cell voltage lower than 1%.

Elsevier Science Bv2017