Aryl group

Summary

In organic chemistry, an aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl. "Aryl" is used for the sake of abbreviation or generalization, and "Ar" is used as a placeholder for the aryl group in chemical structure diagrams, analogous to “R” used for any organic substituent. “Ar” is not to be confused with the elemental symbol for argon. A simple aryl group is phenyl (), a group derived from benzene. Examples of other aryl groups consist of:

The tolyl group () which is derived from toluene (methylbenzene)
The xylyl group (), which is derived from xylene (dimethylbenzene)
The naphthyl group (), which is derived from naphthalene

Arylation is the process in which an aryl group is attached to a substituent. It is typically achieved by cross-coupling reactions. Nomenclature The most basic aryl group is phenyl, which is made up of a benzene ring with one of its hydrogen atom replace

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl_group

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Simultaneous Generation of Methyl Esters and CO in Lignin Transformation

Paul Joseph Dyson, Mingyang Liu

Lignin is an abundant renewable carbon source. Due to its complex structure, utilization of lignin is very challenging. Herein, we describe an efficient strategy for the simultaneous utilization of lignin, in which the methoxy groups in lignin react with carboxylic acids to generate methyl carboxylates and the other alkyl and phenyl carbons react with oxygen to predominantly form CO that can be used directly in carbonylation reactions. The method was applied to the methylation of various functionalized aryl and alkyl carboxylic acids, including natural compounds, to produce valuable chemicals, including pharmaceuticals. No solid or liquid residues remain after the reaction. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that a well-ordered C-C and C-O bond activation sequence takes place to realize total transformation of lignin. This work opens a way for transformation of the entire lignin polymer into valuable products, exemplified by the synthesis of the pharmaceutical, Ramipril, on a gram scale.

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2022

A one-pot three-component protocol for the preparation of arylsulfonyl alkynes through the reaction of ethynyl-benziodoxolone (EBX) reagents, DABSO (DABCO.SO2), and either organomagnesium reagents or aryl iodides with a palladium catalyst is reported. A broad range of aryl and heteroarylalkynyl sulfones were obtained in 46-85% overall yield.

2015

Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Coupling of Aliphatic N-hydroxyphthalimide Esters with Polyfluoroaryl Nucleophiles

Xile Hu, Lara Lavrencic, Runze Mao, Xiangli Yi

Polyfluoroarenes are an important class of compounds in medical and material chemistry. The synthesis of alkylated polyfluoroarenes remains challenging. Here we describe a decarboxylative coupling reaction of N-hydroxyphthalimide esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids with polyfluoroaryl zinc reagents (Zn-Ar-F) via synergetic photoredox and copper catalysis. This method readily converts primary and secondary alkyl carboxylic acids into the corresponding polyfluoroaryl compounds, which could have a wide range of F-content (2F-5F) and variable F-substitution patterns on the aryl groups. Broad scope and good functional group compatibility were achieved, including on substrates derived from natural products and pharmaceuticals. Mechanistic study revealed that a [Cu-(Ar-F)(2)] species could be responsible for the transfer of polyfluoroaryl groups to the alkyl radicals.

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2021