Infection

Summary

An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response. Specific medications used to treat infections include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antihelminthics. Infectious diseases resulted in 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (about 17% of all deaths). The branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious diseases. Types Infections are caused by infectious agents (pathogens) including:

Bacteria (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

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Ce cours décrit le fonctionnement du système immunitaire humain et les bases immunologiques de la vaccination, de la transplantation, de l'immunothérapie, et de l'allergie. Il présente aussi le rôle des cellules souches dans la formation des tissus, notamment la lignée hématopoïétique.

Ce cours permet aux étudiants ayant suivi Morphologie I de réviser et d'approfondir leurs connaissances par l'étude de l'anatomie radiologique et du développement. L'origine de malformations fréquentes est décrite. Divers sujets requis pour l'examen d'entrée à la Passerelle sont aussi traités.

Le but du cours est de fournir un aperçu général de la biologie des cellules et des organismes. Nous en discuterons dans le contexte de la vie des cellules et des organismes, en mettant l'accent sur les principes de réglementation que vous rencontrerez dans vos études de biologie.

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Modeling the immune system (IS) means putting together a set of assumptions about its components (cells and organs) and their interactions. Simulations of a model show joint behavior of the components, which for complex realistic models is often impossible to find analytically. Simulations allow us to experiment on how initial concentrations and properties of the immune cells and viruses impact the IS behavior, and gain better quantitative and qualitative insight into how the IS works and why different behavior patterns occur. A simulation, once it has been created, must be reviewed both statistically and analytically as well as validated from the biological point of view. We analyzed Chao’s immune system simulation [1][2] from a statistical and analytical point. We explicited both the Markov chain which was simulated and the underlying process on which Chao’s stage-structured approach was built. Furthermore, we established a test protocol for timestep validation which Chao’s simulator passed. We evaluated Chao’s simulator’s dependence on the random number generator, which was shown to be negligible. Finally, we evaluated the simulator output and our major result is the discovery of a secondary response to a primary infection, an occurrence is not shown in Chao’s dissertation. A tertiary response to the infection is never possible due to the size of the secondary response caused by memory cells.

2005

Three Dimensional Coculture Model for Hepatitis C Virus In Vitro Infection

Lada Georgieva

2011

Identification of genes required for host-cell adhesion and antibiotic persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli via high-content screening

Thomas Marie Simonet

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Driven by the development of antibiotic resistant UPEC strains, UTIs have become a major public health issue and generate substantial healthcare costs. Even in the absence of antibiotic resistance, UTIs are notoriously difficult to treat and have high rates of recurrence, mostly due to: 1. the ability of UPEC to adhere to and invade bladder epithelial cells, which protects them from the action of antimicrobial agents and the immune system 2. the presence in antibiotic-susceptible UPEC populations of a small fraction of so-called persister cells, which are killed at a slower rate than the bulk of the population and can therefore survive prolonged antibiotic exposureThese two features allow some bacteria to remain viable in a protected niche for the whole duration of the antibiotic treatment, potentially leading to infection relapse when the treatment is terminated.High-content screening (HCS), which uses microscopy as a screening tool, allows the visualization of bacterial phenotypes at the single-cell level and can therefore provide a powerful and unbiased tool to understand the genetic basis of these phenotypes. The present thesis describes two complementary high-content screening approaches aimed at identifying UPEC mutants with altered adhesion to bladder cells and with altered antibiotic persistence respectively.In a first chapter, we report preparatory steps that led to the construction of a transposon insertion library of UPEC mutants that is suitable for high-content imaging, using the CFT073 clinical UTI isolate as background strain.In the second chapter, we performed fluorescence microscopy-based high-content screening to identify mutants with defects in early adhesion to bladder epithelial cells. We recovered 82 mutants with decreased adhesion and 54 mutants with increased adhesion. Unexpectedly, nine low-adhesion ÂÂhitsÂÂ mapped to the two P pili operons encoded by CFT073, which are thought to mediate adhesion to kidney cells rather than bladder cells. Additionally, six high-adhesion hits mapped to the operon coding for F1C pili, and we show that this phenotype is linked to increased P pili synthesis. These results therefore reveal a critical role for P pili in UPEC adhesion to bladder epithelial cells, which may inform the development of novel anti-adhesion therapies to prevent UTI recurrence.In the third chapter, we combined microfluidics with time-lapse microscopy to identify mutants with altered persistence to fosfomycin (FOS) âÂÂ a cell-wall inhibitor used as first-line agent in the treatment of UTIs âÂÂ in synthetic human urine (SHU), which mimics the physiology of UPEC in real urine. We recovered four mutants with decreased persistence, three of which had defects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis. These results identify the outer membrane of UPEC as a key component for survival to FOS treatment, thus opening up new avenues in the fight against antibiotic persistence.

EPFL2022

Identification of genes required for host-cell adhesion and antibiotic persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli via high-content screening

Thomas Marie Simonet

EPFL2022