Flag (linear algebra)

In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a flag is an increasing sequence of subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space V. Here "increasing" means each is a proper subspace of the next (see filtration): The term flag is motivated by a particular example resembling a flag: the zero point, a line, and a plane correspond to a nail, a staff, and a sheet of fabric. If we write that dimVi = di then we have where n is the dimension of V (assumed to be finite). Hence, we must have k ≤ n. A flag is called a complete flag if di = i for all i, otherwise it is called a partial flag. A partial flag can be obtained from a complete flag by deleting some of the subspaces. Conversely, any partial flag can be completed (in many different ways) by inserting suitable subspaces. The signature of the flag is the sequence (d1, ..., dk). An ordered basis for V is said to be adapted to a flag V0 ⊂ V1 ⊂ ... ⊂ Vk if the first di basis vectors form a basis for Vi for each 0 ≤ i ≤ k. Standard arguments from linear algebra can show that any flag has an adapted basis. Any ordered basis gives rise to a complete flag by letting the Vi be the span of the first i basis vectors. For example, the in Rn is induced from the standard basis (e1, ..., en) where ei denotes the vector with a 1 in the ith entry and 0's elsewhere. Concretely, the standard flag is the sequence of subspaces: An adapted basis is almost never unique (the counterexamples are trivial); see below. A complete flag on an inner product space has an essentially unique orthonormal basis: it is unique up to multiplying each vector by a unit (scalar of unit length, e.g. 1, −1, i). Such a basis can be constructed using the Gram-Schmidt process. The uniqueness up to units follows inductively, by noting that lies in the one-dimensional space . More abstractly, it is unique up to an action of the maximal torus: the flag corresponds to the Borel group, and the inner product corresponds to the maximal compact subgroup. The stabilizer subgroup of the standard flag is the group of invertible upper triangular matrices.