Lattice (order)

A lattice is an abstract structure studied in the mathematical subdisciplines of order theory and abstract algebra. It consists of a partially ordered set in which every pair of elements has a unique supremum (also called a least upper bound or join) and a unique infimum (also called a greatest lower bound or meet). An example is given by the power set of a set, partially ordered by inclusion, for which the supremum is the union and the infimum is the intersection. Another example is given by the natural numbers, partially ordered by divisibility, for which the supremum is the least common multiple and the infimum is the greatest common divisor. Lattices can also be characterized as algebraic structures satisfying certain axiomatic identities. Since the two definitions are equivalent, lattice theory draws on both order theory and universal algebra. Semilattices include lattices, which in turn include Heyting and Boolean algebras. These lattice-like structures all admit order-theoretic as well as algebraic descriptions. The sub-field of abstract algebra that studies lattices is called lattice theory. A lattice can be defined either order-theoretically as a partially ordered set, or as an algebraic structure. A partially ordered set (poset) is called a lattice if it is both a join- and a meet-semilattice, i.e. each two-element subset has a join (i.e. least upper bound, denoted by ) and dually a meet (i.e. greatest lower bound, denoted by ). This definition makes and binary operations. Both operations are monotone with respect to the given order: and implies that and It follows by an induction argument that every non-empty finite subset of a lattice has a least upper bound and a greatest lower bound. With additional assumptions, further conclusions may be possible; see Completeness (order theory) for more discussion of this subject. That article also discusses how one may rephrase the above definition in terms of the existence of suitable Galois connections between related partially ordered sets—an approach of special interest for the approach to lattices, and for formal concept analysis.

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