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Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, used in sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, ropemaking, and the production of textiles. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing. Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed for needlework. Yarn can be made of a number of natural or synthetic materials, and comes in a variety of colors and thicknesses (referred to as "weights"). Although yarn may be dyed different colours, most yarns are solid coloured with a uniform hue. Etymology The word "yarn" comes from Middle English, from the Old English gearn, akin to Old High German garn, "yarn", Dutch garen, Ancient Greek χορδή, "string", and Sanskrit hira, "band". History The human production of yarn is known to have existed since the Stone Age and earlier prehistory, with

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Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy/flax fibre composites

Pierre-Etienne Bourban, Fabien Duc, Jan-Anders Månson

The mechanical and damping properties were measured for unidirectional, 0/90 and twill 2/2 flax fibre (FF) composites containing 40 vol% of fibres in an epoxy matrix. All composites were processed by resin transfer moulding. The influence of the impregnation quality, the fibre/matrix adhesion, the quality of the fibres, the twist angle of the FF yarns and the crimp in the FF fabrics on these properties were quantified. Twisted yarns in an unidirectional FF fabric impacted negatively on the stiffness while increasing the damping of about 57% through enhancement of the intra-yarn friction. In twill 2/2 fabrics, twisted yarns decreased Young's modulus owing to the induced crimp but increased the damping through enhanced inter-yarn friction. With improved fibre/matrix adhesion, a damping increase up to 109% was obtained through better activation of the intrinsic damping mechanisms of an elementary FF. The best compromise between damping and stiffness was obtained with FF having less dislocations.

Sage Publications Ltd2014

Flow Properties of Tailored Net-Shape Thermoplastic Composite Preforms

Patrick Blanchard, Simon Jespersen, Jan-Anders Månson, Véronique Michaud, Martyn Douglas Wakeman

A novel thermoplastic programmable preforming process, TP-P4, has been used to manufacture preforms for non-isothermal compression molding. Commingled glass and polypropylene yarns are deposited by robot onto a vacuum screen, followed by a heat-setting operation to stabilize the as-placed yarns for subsequent handling. After an optional additional preconsolidation stage, the preforms are molded by preheating and subsequent press forming in a shear edge tool. The in- and out-of-plane flow capabilities of the material were investigated, and compared to those of 40 wt% Glass Mat Thermoplastics (GMTs). Although the TP-P4 material has a fiber fraction of 60 wt%, the material could be processed to fill 77 mm deep ribs with a thickness of 3 mm, indicative of complex part production. The pressure requirements for out-of-plane flow were shown to depend on the fiber length and fiber alignment. Segregation phenomena were found to be less severe with TP-P4 than with GMT material.

Springer Netherlands2009

Numerical Analysis of the Dimensional Stability of Thermoplastic Composites Using a Thermoviscoelastic Approach

Jan-Anders Månson, Paul Sunderland

The dimensional stability of V-shaped composite parts made from polyamide-12/carbon fibre (PA12/CF) commingled yarn has been studied. An anisotropic, thermoviscoelastic material model was implemented in a finite element solver to predict the internal stresses induced during the processing of the composite. Excellent correlation was found between predicted and experimentally measured stress profiles for compression-moulded parts. The stresses were related to the dimensional stability of the parts after demoulding and the effect of key processing parameters on dimensional stability was investigated.

2002

Textile

Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to

Cotton

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure

Weaving

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods are knitting, crocheting, felting,

MSE-440: Composites technology

The latest developments in processing and the novel generations of organic composites are discussed. Nanocomposites, adaptive composites and biocomposites are presented. Product development, cost analysis and study of new markets are practiced in team work.