Division (mathematics) | EPFL Graph Search

Division is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic. The other operations are addition, subtraction, and multiplication. What is being divided is called the dividend, which is divided by the divisor, and the result is called the quotient. At an elementary level the division of two natural numbers is, among other possible interpretations, the process of calculating the number of times one number is contained within another. This number of times need not be an integer. For example, if 20 apples are divided evenly between 4 people, everyone receives 5 apples (see picture). The division with remainder or Euclidean division of two natural numbers provides an integer quotient, which is the number of times the second number is completely contained in the first number, and a remainder, which is the part of the first number that remains, when in the course of computing the quotient, no further full chunk of the size of the second number can be allocated. For example, if 21 apples are divided between 4 people, everyone receives 5 apples again, and 1 apple remains. For division to always yield one number rather than an integer quotient plus a remainder, the natural numbers must be extended to rational numbers or real numbers. In these enlarged number systems, division is the inverse operation to multiplication, that is a = c / b means a × b = c, as long as b is not zero. If b = 0, then this is a division by zero, which is not defined. In the 21-apples example, everyone would receive 5 apple and a quarter of an apple, thus avoiding any leftover. Both forms of division appear in various algebraic structures, different ways of defining mathematical structure. Those in which a Euclidean division (with remainder) is defined are called Euclidean domains and include polynomial rings in one indeterminate (which define multiplication and addition over single-variabled formulas). Those in which a division (with a single result) by all nonzero elements is defined are called fields and division rings.

Dense Packings via Lifts of Codes to Division Rings

Nihar Prakash Gargava, Vlad Serban

obtain algorithmically effective versions of the dense lattice sphere packings constructed from orders in Q-division rings by the first author. The lattices in question are lifts of suitable codes from prime characteristic to orders O in Q-division rings a ...

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC2023

A Novel Decomposition Solution Approach for the Restoration Problem in Distribution Networks

Hossein Sekhavatmanesh

The distribution network restoration problem is by nature a mixed integer and non-linear optimization problem due to the switching decisions and Optimal Power Flow (OPF) constraints, respectively. The link between these two parts involves logical implicati ...

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC2020