European integration

Summary

European integration is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe or nearby. European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies. History In antiquity, the Roman Empire brought about integration of multiple European and Mediterranean territories. The numerous subsequent claims of succession of the Roman Empire, even the iterations of the Classical Empire and its ancient peoples, have occasionally been reinterpreted in the light of post-1950 European integration as providing inspiration and historical precedents. Important examples include the Holy Roman Empire, the Hanseatic League, the Peace of Westphalia, the Napoleonic Empire, and the unification of Germany, Italy, and the Balkans as well as the Latin Monetary Union. Following the catastrophe of the First World War of 1914-1918, thinkers and visionaries from a range of political traditions again

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration

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Séquences pour un centre-ville sensible, social et identitaire à Nyon

Stéphanie Deliyski

La période des Trente glorieuses a vu se démocratiser l’utilisation de la voiture, symbole de réussite sociale et, aujourd’hui, cause d'un désastre climatique. L’importance accordée à l’automobile se traduit dans la morphologie de nos villes. A Nyon, ancienne colonie romaine, la place Perdtemps témoigne de ce phénomène : ancien parc accueillant des rassemblements, des foires, elle est aujourd’hui une vaste surface asphaltée. Le projet répond à la demande, faite par la Municipalité il y a quelques années, de reconvertir le parking en plein air en parc et d’inclure divers programmes tels qu’une bibliothèque, un hôtel, des logements et une salle des congrès. L’intervention architecturale consiste alors à projeter différentes séquences organisées en système en vue de rendre le centre-ville plus sensible, social et identitaire. Basé sur des fondements écologiques et culturels, le parc est propice aux rencontres ou à la solitude, au jeu ou à la méditation… On peut s’y promener ou s’y perdre, y être heureux ou triste… Au sud, une nouvelle limite bâtie accueille divers programmes répondant aux demandes de la Municipalité. Les associations aujourd’hui présentes sur le site contribuent fortement à la socialisation du lieu. La place Perdtemps trouve alors une nouvelle identité, de nouveaux principes de composition et met en scène diverses séquences de vie.

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Stability of inks used for masking metallic interconnects in BIPV modules

Christophe Ballif, Alejandro Borja Block, Alessandro Francesco Aldo Virtuani

The necessity to reduce carbon emissions has pushed European institutions to foster the adoption - for new buildings - of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings, which need to minimize energy consumption with energy generated on site. This opens up an enormous potential for the integration of renewable energy sources in the built environment. However, a massive introduction of PV into buildings should be accompanied by an increased sensitivity in terms of the aesthetic appeal of the modules. Inks masking the metallic interconnects in building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) elements might be an attractive option to produce more aesthetically pleasant modules. In this work, we investigate the stability of three commercial inks (1 solvent based and 2 UV curable) using two common PV configurations (glass-EVA-glass and glassEVA-backsheet). We lay down a testing protocol to screen the stability of inks supplied by different manufacturers using damp heat (DH 85°C, 85%RH) and ultraviolet exposure conditions (UV 65°C, 60 W/m2). Preliminary results show a halo in the surroundings of the coated metallic interconnects for UV curable inks when exposing these samples to direct UV, while no halo is observed when damp heat is performed first and for the solvent-based ink indicating that it is more stable.

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Stability of inks used for masking metallic interconnects in BIPV modules

Christophe Ballif, Alejandro Borja Block, Alessandro Francesco Aldo Virtuani

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