Black hole information paradox

Summary

The black hole information paradox is a puzzle that appears when the predictions of quantum mechanics and general relativity are combined. The theory of general relativity predicts the existence of black holes that are regions of spacetime from which nothing — not even light — can escape. In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking applied the semi-classical approach of quantum field theory in curved spacetime to such systems and found that an isolated black hole would emit a form of radiation called Hawking radiation. Hawking also argued that the detailed form of the radiation would be independent of the initial state of the black hole, and would depend only on its mass, electric charge and angular momentum. The information paradox appears when one considers a process in which a black hole is formed through a physical process and then evaporates away entirely through Hawking radiation. Hawking's calculation suggests that the final state of radiation would retain information only about the total m

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox

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We derive the leading spin-dependent gravitational tail memory, which appears at the second post-Minkowskian order and behaves as u(-2) for large retarded time u. This result follows from the classical soft graviton theorem at order omega In omega as a low-frequency expansion of the gravitational waveform with frequency omega. First, we conjecture the gravitational waveform from the classical limit of the quantum soft graviton theorem up to sub-subleading order in a soft expansion, and then we derive it for a classical scattering process without any reference to the soft graviton theorem. We show that the final result of the gravitational waveform in the direct derivation completely agrees with the conjectured waveform.

AMER PHYSICAL SOC2022

Classical soft graviton theorem rewritten

Biswajit Sahoo

Classical soft graviton theorem gives the gravitational wave-form at future null infinity at late retarded time u for a general classical scattering. The large u expansion has three known universal terms: the constant term, the term proportional to 1/u and the term proportional to ln u/u(2), whose coefficients are determined solely in terms of the momenta of incoming and the outgoing hard particles, including the momenta carried by outgoing gravitational and electromagnetic radiation produced during scattering. For the constant term, also known as the memory effect, the dependence on the momenta carried away by the final state radiation / massless particles is known as non-linear memory or null memory. It was shown earlier that for the coefficient of the 1/u term the dependence on the momenta of the final state massless particles / radiation cancels and the result can be written solely in terms of the momenta of the incoming particles / radiation and the final state massive particles. In this note we show that the same result holds for the coefficient of the ln u/u(2) term. Our result implies that for scattering of massless particles the coefficients of the 1/u and ln u/u(2) terms are determined solely by the incoming momenta, even if the particles coalesce to form a black hole and massless radiation. We use our result to compute the low frequency flux of gravitational radiation from the collision of massless particles at large impact parameter.

SPRINGER2022

In the rod and hole paradox as described by Rindler (1961 Am. J. Phys. 29 365–6) ('length contraction paradox'), a rigid rod moves at high speed over a table towards a hole of the same size. A bystander expects the rod to fall into the hole, but a co-moving observer expects it to pass unhindered over the hole. According to the accepted solution as first described in that paper, the entire rod must fall somewhat into the hole and therefore cannot remain rigid when the hole moves underneath it. We present an improved approach that is based on retardation due to speed of stress propagation, and in which proper stiffness is not affected. After showing how to solve the similar but simpler car and hole paradox, we find with the same approach that the rod as depicted in Rindler's paper will not fall into the hole as was claimed and that it may pass practically unhindered over it.

2005