In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula , derived from either of the two isomers (n-butane and isobutane) of butane.
The isomer n-butane can connect in two ways, giving rise to two "-butyl" groups:
If it connects at one of the two terminal carbon atoms, it is normal butyl or n-butyl: (preferred IUPAC name: butyl)
If it connects at one of the non-terminal (internal) carbon atoms, it is secondary butyl or sec-butyl: (preferred IUPAC name: butan-2-yl)
The second isomer of butane, isobutane, can also connect in two ways, giving rise to two additional groups:
If it connects at one of the three terminal carbons, it is isobutyl: (preferred IUPAC name: 2-methylpropyl)
If it connects at the central carbon, it is tertiary butyl, tert-butyl or t-butyl: (preferred IUPAC name: tert-butyl)
According to IUPAC nomenclature, "isobutyl", "sec-butyl", and "tert-butyl" used to be allowed retained names. The latest guidance changed that: only tert-butyl is kept as preferred prefix, all other butyl-names are removed. In the convention of skeletal formulas, every line ending and line intersection specifies a carbon atom (unless otherwise indicated) saturated with single-linked hydrogen atoms (unless otherwise indicated). The "R" symbol indicates any radical or other non-specific functional group.
Butyl is the largest substituent for which trivial names are commonly used for all isomers.
The butyl group's carbon that is connected to the rest (R) of the molecule is called the RI or R-prime carbon . The prefixes sec (from "secondary") and tert (from "tertiary") refer to the number of additional side chains (or carbons) connected to the first butyl carbon. The prefix "iso" (from "isomer") means "equal" while the prefix 'n-' stands for "normal".
Butan-2-yl (sec-butyl) group is chiral. The carbon atom at position 2 is a stereocenter. It has four different groups attached: H-, CH3-, CH3-CH2-, and R-. The names of the two chiral groups are: (2S)-butan-2-yl and (2R)-butan-2-yl.
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This lecture presents the development of catalytic asymmetric reactions in organic chemistry, including important current topics of research in the field.
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism refers to the existence or possibility of isomers. Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural or constitutional isomerism, in which bonds between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which the bonds are the same but the relative positions of the atoms differ.
In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical or substituent group with general chemical formula , derived from either of the two isomers (n-butane and isobutane) of butane.
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Many radicals spontaneously dimerize. Most organic radicals have short lifetimes. A notable example of a radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO·), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (꞉CH2) which have two unpaired electrons.
Covers various catalytic asymmetric reactions in organic chemistry, including Lewis and Brønsted acids activation, Jacobsen Urea Catalyst, and Mannick Reaction.
Effective encapsulation of small, volatile, weakly water-soluble molecules such as flavors and fragrances is necessary to protect them from degradation, to increase their lifetime, and to improve thei