Dynamic Memory Elements: Latches and Flip-Flops

This lecture covers dynamic memory elements, including latches and flip-flops, which store information as charge. It explains the need for refreshing dynamic memories due to charge leakage. Different types of latches such as TG-based, CMOS, and TSPC are discussed, along with their operation modes. The lecture also delves into dynamic flip-flops, like TG-based and CMOS-based, highlighting their construction and proper operation conditions. Timing parameters, clock skew, and setup/hold time constraints in flip-flops are explained. Additionally, the concept of synchronous pipelining for increasing digital system performance is introduced, along with asynchronous pipelining systems and handshaking control protocols.