Lecture
This lecture covers the molecular mechanisms of defense, mutations, and variants, including DNA repair mechanisms such as proofreading and mismatch repair. It also delves into the CRISPR/Cas system, homologous recombination, and the evolution of DNA repair systems. The historical context of restriction/modification systems and the groundbreaking work of researchers like Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, and Hamilton Smith are discussed. The lecture further explores the long-term experimental evolution of E. coli by Richard Lenski, highlighting the emergence of new traits and species over thousands of generations.