This lecture by Prof. Francesco Stellacci explores the complexity of viruses, the thermodynamics of viral replication, and the challenges in vaccine stability. It delves into the design of broad-spectrum antivirals using supramolecular nanostructures, highlighting the importance of understanding viral attachment mechanisms. The lecture presents innovative strategies involving nanomaterials mimicking sialic acid, cyclodextrins, and biocompatible virucidal materials, with in vitro and in vivo results demonstrating their effectiveness against various viruses.