Enzymes' based Biosensors

This lecture covers the principles of enzymes' based biosensors, focusing on the immobilization of enzymes on conductive substrates to generate electrical signals through biochemical reactions. Topics include redox reactions with oxidases and cytochromes, hexokinases based biosensors for ATP detection, and amperometric DNA detection. The lecture also discusses the working principles of P450 enzymes, enzymatic cleavage, redox processes, and the detection of hydrogen peroxide. It explains the concept of sensitivity in biosensors, the difference between geometrical and active areas in electrochemical cells, and the limit of detection. The Clarke's Error Grid and non-linear biosensors are also addressed.

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Redox (ˈrɛdɒks , ˈriːdɒks , reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. There are two classes of redox reactions: Electron-transfer – Only one (usually) electron flows from the atom being oxidized to the atom that is reduced. This type of redox reaction is often discussed in terms of redox couples and electrode potentials.

Half-reaction

In chemistry, a half reaction (or half-cell reaction) is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction. A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction. Often, the concept of half reactions is used to describe what occurs in an electrochemical cell, such as a Galvanic cell battery. Half reactions can be written to describe both the metal undergoing oxidation (known as the anode) and the metal undergoing reduction (known as the cathode).

Electrochemical cell

An electrochemical cell is a device that generates electrical energy from chemical reactions. Electrical energy can also be applied to these cells to cause chemical reactions to occur. Electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic or galvanic cells and those that generate chemical reactions, via electrolysis for example, are called electrolytic cells. Both galvanic and electrolytic cells can be thought of as having two half-cells: consisting of separate oxidation and reduction reactions.

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