Clone (cell biology)A clone is a group of identical cells that share a common ancestry, meaning they are derived from the same cell. Clonality implies the state of a cell or a substance being derived from one source or the other. Thus there are terms like polyclonal—derived from many clones; oligoclonal—derived from a few clones; and monoclonal—derived from one clone. These terms are most commonly used in context of antibodies or immunocytes. This concept of clone assumes importance as all the cells that form a clone share common ancestry, which has a very significant consequence: shared genotype.
Facial symmetryFacial symmetry is one specific measure of bodily symmetry. Along with traits such as averageness and youthfulness it influences judgments of aesthetic traits of physical attractiveness and beauty. For instance, in mate selection, people have been shown to have a preference for symmetry. Facial bilateral symmetry is typically defined as fluctuating asymmetry of the face comparing random differences in facial features of the two sides of the face.
Human physical appearanceHuman physical appearance is the outward phenotype or look of human beings. There are infinite variations in human phenotypes, though society reduces the variability to distinct categories. The physical appearance of humans, in particular those attributes which are regarded as important for physical attractiveness, are believed by anthropologists to affect the development of personality significantly and social relations. Humans are acutely sensitive to their physical appearance.
Ataxie spinocérébelleuseLes ataxies spinocérébelleuses constituent un groupe de maladies neurodégénératives très hétérogènes tant du point de vue clinique que génétique (caractère récessif ou caractère dominant, d’évolution lente et progressive) et dont l'issue est souvent fatale. Elles se caractérisent par un syndrome cérébelleux qui se traduit notamment par des troubles de la marche et de l'équilibre. Ces troubles sont la conséquence de la dégénérescence du cervelet et plus ou moins de ses afférences et efférences.
Matériel péricentriolairePericentriolar material (PCM, sometimes also called pericent matrix) is a highly structured, dense mass of protein which makes up the part of the animal centrosome that surrounds the two centrioles. The PCM contains proteins responsible for microtubule nucleation and anchoring including γ-tubulin, pericentrin and ninein. Although the PCM appears amorphous by electron microscopy, super-resolution microscopy finds that it is highly organized. The PCM have 9-fold symmetry that mimics the symmetry of the centriole.
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathwayThe PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle. Therefore, it is directly related to cellular quiescence, proliferation, cancer, and longevity. PI3K activation phosphorylates and activates AKT, localizing it in the plasma membrane. AKT can have a number of downstream effects such as activating CREB, inhibiting p27, localizing FOXO in the cytoplasm, activating PtdIns-3ps, and activating mTOR which can affect transcription of p70 or 4EBP1.
Nucleic acid structureNucleic acid structure refers to the structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Nucleic acid structure is often divided into four different levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleic acid sequence Primary structure consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bond. It is this linear sequence of nucleotides that make up the primary structure of DNA or RNA.
Radiothérapie externethumb|Mise en place d'une patiente pour un traitement de cancer du sein par un accélérateur linéaire d'électrons par radiothérapie externe. La radiothérapie externe est une technique de radiothérapie reposant sur la localisation d'un faisceau de particules sur une partie du patient. Elle est qualifiée d'externe puisque la source des particules est à l'extérieur du corps, contrairement à la curiethérapie, d'invention plus récente, où les sources sont introduites dans le patient.
Conjugué anticorps-médicamentLes conjugués anticorps-médicaments (en anglais antibody-drug conjugates ou ADC) sont une classe de médicaments biopharmaceutiques conçus comme une thérapie ciblée pour le traitement des cancers. Contrairement à la chimiothérapie, les ADC sont conçus pour cibler et tuer les cellules tumorales tout en épargnant les cellules saines. En 2019, quelque 56 sociétés pharmaceutiques développaient des ADC. Les ADC sont des molécules complexes composées d'un anticorps lié à une charge utile ou à un médicament cytotoxique (anticancéreux) biologiquement actif.
Lumière intense pulséeLa lumière intense pulsée (Intense Pulsed Light ou IPL), est une technique utilisée pour des soins curatifs ou esthétiques de la peau, principalement l'épilation définitive (photo-épilation), l'épilation semi-définitive, le traitement des signes du vieillissement, les taches pigmentaires (photo-dépigmentation) et le rajeunissement (photo-rajeunissement). Elle a montré un effet positif en cas acnés, couperose, malformations capillaires.
