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Catégorie
Drug discovery
Résumé
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.
Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin. More recently, chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that had a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology. After sequencing of the human genome allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use high throughput screening of large compounds libraries against isolated biological targets which are hypothesized to be disease-modifying in a process known as reverse pharmacology. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for efficacy.
Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits, medicinal chemistry and optimization of those hits to increase the affinity, selectivity (to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/potency, metabolic stability (to increase the half-life), and oral bioavailability. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, the process of drug development can continue. If successful, clinical trials are developed.
Modern drug discovery is thus usually a capital-intensive process that involves large investments by pharmaceutical industry corporations as well as national governments (who provide grants and loan guarantees). Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, "expensive, difficult, and inefficient process" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each new molecular entity was about US$1.8 billion. In the 21st century, basic discovery research is funded primarily by governments and by philanthropic organizations, while late-stage development is funded primarily by pharmaceutical companies or venture capitalists.
Source officielle
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Chimiothèque
Une chimiothèque est une banque de données de molécules. Les chimiothèques peuvent contenir de plusieurs dizaines à plusieurs millions de composés chimiques. Selon leur contenu (chémotype, châssis moléculaire, diversité, , etc.), leur mode de stockage et leur provenance, il est possible de classer les chimiothèques en différentes catégories. On distingue, par exemple: les chimiothèques virtuelles, où les composés chimiques sont entreposés sous forme de données électroniques ; les chimiothèques focalisées sur un type de substance, lorsque le contenu ne se préoccupe que d’un espace chimique restreint.
Secondary metabolism
Secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms.
Pharmacophore
vignette|Pharmacophore des antihistaminiques. Un pharmacophore est constitué par une partie pharmacologiquement active d'une molécule servant de modèle. Les pharmacophores sont donc des ensembles d'atomes actifs utilisés dans la conception de médicaments. Le pharmacophore est une représentation géométrique idéalisée, seule la modélisation en 3D peut permettre une utilisation optimale pour la création de nouveaux médicaments.
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