Operating cash flowIn financial accounting, operating cash flow (OCF), cash flow provided by operations, cash flow from operating activities (CFO) or free cash flow from operations (FCFO), refers to the amount of cash a company generates from the revenues it brings in, excluding costs associated with long-term investment on capital items or investment in securities. Operating activities include any spending or sources of cash that’s involved in a company’s day-to-day business activities.
IndividualismeL’individualisme est une conception philosophique, politique, morale et sociologique où l’individu occupe la place centrale, par opposition aux théories holistes, qui font au contraire prédominer le groupe social. Il s’agit donc d’une primauté de l’identité personnelle par rapport à l’identité collective.
ProtectionnismeLe protectionnisme est une politique économique et fiscale interventionniste, menée par un État ou un groupe d'États, afin de protéger et favoriser les producteurs nationaux contre la concurrence des producteurs étrangers. Le protectionnisme est opposé au libre-échange (dont le résultat majeur actuel est la mondialisation des échanges) et à la théorie de l'avantage comparatif. Les mesures protectionnistes consistent essentiellement à freiner les importations (barrières douanières, quotas d'importation, réglementations gouvernementales, normes techniques ou sanitaires.
Volatility smileVolatility smiles are implied volatility patterns that arise in pricing financial options. It is a parameter (implied volatility) that is needed to be modified for the Black–Scholes formula to fit market prices. In particular for a given expiration, options whose strike price differs substantially from the underlying asset's price command higher prices (and thus implied volatilities) than what is suggested by standard option pricing models. These options are said to be either deep in-the-money or out-of-the-money.
Pharmacie d'officinevignette|Une pharmacie parisienne du arrondissement. La pharmacie d'officine est la spécialité regroupant les pharmaciens qui travaillent dans les pharmacies de ville, appelées aussi officines, où les médicaments sont délivrés au public. Une pharmacie est à l'origine une officine où l'on prépare, conserve et vend les médicaments. Le rôle du pharmacien d'officine est la validation et la délivrance (dispensation) des ordonnances prescrites par les médecins, les conseils associés à la prise des médicaments, à l'hygiène, à la nutrition ou, plus globalement, à la santé publique.
Assurance socialeSocial insurance is a form of social welfare that provides insurance against economic risks. The insurance may be provided publicly or through the subsidizing of private insurance. In contrast to other forms of social assistance, individuals' claims are partly dependent on their contributions, which can be considered insurance premiums to create a common fund out of which the individuals are then paid benefits in the future.
Skilled workerA skilled worker is any worker who has special skill, training, knowledge which they can then apply to their work. A skilled worker may have learned their skills on the work experience, on-the-job training, an apprenticeship program or formal education. These skills often lead to better outcomes economically. The definition of a skilled worker has seen change throughout the 20th century, largely due to the industrial impact of the Great Depression and World War II.
Impôt indirectUn impôt indirect est un impôt collecté par une autre personne que celle qui le récupère. La personne intermédiaire (une entreprise en règle générale) qui paie l'impôt à l'État répercute donc tout ou une partie du montant de l'impôt sur le prix de vente au consommateur. C'est donc un impôt indirect pour le consommateur final.
EntraînementTraining is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge or fitness that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, productivity and performance. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology (also known as technical colleges or polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation or profession, training may continue beyond initial competence to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life.
Choice modellingChoice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment via revealed preferences or stated preferences made in a particular context or contexts. Typically, it attempts to use discrete choices (A over B; B over A, B & C) in order to infer positions of the items (A, B and C) on some relevant latent scale (typically "utility" in economics and various related fields).
