Vide quantiqueEn physique, le vide quantique décrit l'état du vide selon les principes de la mécanique quantique. Alors que l'on croyait l'univers rempli d'éther, la physique du a abandonné cette notion pour un espace littéralement vide de matière. Les principes quantiques montrent que ce vide est en réalité rempli d'énergie qui engendre de nombreux effets : on parle alors d'énergie du vide. Dans la théorie de l'électrodynamique quantique, les particules élémentaires échangent des photons virtuels pour interagir.
Path-orderingIn theoretical physics, path-ordering is the procedure (or a meta-operator ) that orders a product of operators according to the value of a chosen parameter: Here p is a permutation that orders the parameters by value: For example: If an operator is not simply expressed as a product, but as a function of another operator, we must first perform a Taylor expansion of this function. This is the case of the Wilson loop, which is defined as a path-ordered exponential to guarantee that the Wilson loop encodes the holonomy of the gauge connection.
Moment magnétique du neutronLe moment magnétique du neutron est la grandeur magnétique caractéristique du neutron. Le neutron étant une particule réputée électriquement neutre, l'existence d'un moment magnétique revêt une importance particulière puisque les moments magnétiques sont souvent associés à l'existence d'une charge électrique. L'existence d'un tel moment magnétique témoigne que la neutralité n'est pas absolue et est parfois considéré comme une preuve indirecte de l'existence d'une sous-structure pour le neutron, constitué de particules chargées, les quarks.
Unified field theoryIn physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a pair of physical and virtual fields. According to the modern discoveries in physics, forces are not transmitted directly between interacting objects but instead are described and interpreted by intermediary entities called fields. Classically, however, a duality of the fields is combined into a single physical field.
Unitarity gaugeIn theoretical physics, the unitarity gauge or unitary gauge is a particular choice of a gauge fixing in a gauge theory with a spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this gauge, the scalar fields responsible for the Higgs mechanism are transformed into a basis in which their Goldstone boson components are set to zero. In other words, the unitarity gauge makes the manifest number of scalar degrees of freedom minimal. The gauge was introduced to particle physics by Steven Weinberg in the context of the electroweak theory.
Théorème de WickLe théorème de Wick est un outil particulièrement important de la physique statistique, dans la mesure où il permet de calculer des valeurs moyennes d'observables compliquées, par exemple des corrélations ou des interactions à plusieurs particules, en transformant ces moyennes en produit de moyennes d'observables plus simples. Il existe plusieurs formulations du théorème de Wick, plus ou moins bien adaptées aux différents contextes/formalismes de calcul utilisés en physique.
On shell and off shellIn physics, particularly in quantum field theory, configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called "on the mass shell" or simply more often on shell; while those that do not are called "off the mass shell", or off shell. In quantum field theory, virtual particles are termed off shell because they do not satisfy the energy–momentum relation; real exchange particles do satisfy this relation and are termed on shell (mass shell).
Règle d'or de Fermivignette|la règle d'or de Fermi explique la variation d'intensité des raies d'émission d'un spectre, ici celui du sodium. En physique quantique, la règle d'or de Fermi est un moyen de calculer le taux de transition (probabilité de transition par unité de temps) à partir d'un état propre énergétique d'un système quantique vers un continuum d'états propres, par perturbation. On considère que le système est initialement placé dans un état propre, , d'un hamiltonien . On considère l'effet d'une perturbation (pouvant être dépendant du temps).
Precision tests of QEDQuantum electrodynamics (QED), a relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics, is among the most stringently tested theories in physics. The most precise and specific tests of QED consist of measurements of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant, α, in various physical systems. Checking the consistency of such measurements tests the theory. Tests of a theory are normally carried out by comparing experimental results to theoretical predictions.
Mass gapIn quantum field theory, the mass gap is the difference in energy between the lowest energy state, the vacuum, and the next lowest energy state. The energy of the vacuum is zero by definition, and assuming that all energy states can be thought of as particles in plane-waves, the mass gap is the mass of the lightest particle. Since the energies of exact (i.e. nonperturbative) energy eigenstates are spread out and therefore they are not technically eigenstates, a more precise definition is that the mass gap is the greatest lower bound of the energy of any state which is orthogonal to the vacuum.
