Quantum field theory in curved spacetimeIn theoretical physics, quantum field theory in curved spacetime (QFTCS) is an extension of quantum field theory from Minkowski spacetime to a general curved spacetime. This theory uses a semi-classical approach; it treats spacetime as a fixed, classical background, while giving a quantum-mechanical description of the matter and energy propagating through that spacetime. A general prediction of this theory is that particles can be created by time-dependent gravitational fields (multigraviton pair production), or by time-independent gravitational fields that contain horizons.
S-matrix theoryS-matrix theory was a proposal for replacing local quantum field theory as the basic principle of elementary particle physics. It avoided the notion of space and time by replacing it with abstract mathematical properties of the S-matrix. In S-matrix theory, the S-matrix relates the infinite past to the infinite future in one step, without being decomposable into intermediate steps corresponding to time-slices. This program was very influential in the 1960s, because it was a plausible substitute for quantum field theory, which was plagued with the zero interaction phenomenon at strong coupling.
Non-perturbativeIn mathematics and physics, a non-perturbative function or process is one that cannot be described by perturbation theory. An example is the function which does not have a Taylor series at x = 0. Every coefficient of the Taylor expansion around x = 0 is exactly zero, but the function is non-zero if x ≠ 0. In physics, such functions arise for phenomena which are impossible to understand by perturbation theory, at any finite order. In quantum field theory, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles, domain walls, flux tubes, and instantons are examples.
Beauté mathématiqueupright|droite|vignette|La frontière de l'ensemble de Mandelbrot. La beauté mathématique est un sentiment de beauté que certaines personnes ressentent face aux mathématiques. Certains mathématiciens recherchent dans leur travail ou dans les mathématiques en général, un plaisir esthétique. Ils expriment ce plaisir en décrivant de « belles » parties des mathématiques. Ils peuvent considérer les mathématiques comme un art ou comme une activité créative. Des comparaisons sont souvent faites avec la musique et la poésie.
Théorie de champs de cordesString field theory (SFT) is a formalism in string theory in which the dynamics of relativistic strings is reformulated in the language of quantum field theory. This is accomplished at the level of perturbation theory by finding a collection of vertices for joining and splitting strings, as well as string propagators, that give a Feynman diagram-like expansion for string scattering amplitudes. In most string field theories, this expansion is encoded by a classical action found by second-quantizing the free string and adding interaction terms.
Black braneIn general relativity, a black brane is a solution of the equations that generalizes a black hole solution but it is also extended—and translationally symmetric—in p additional spatial dimensions. That type of solution would be called a black p-brane. In string theory, the term black brane describes a group of D1-branes that are surrounded by a horizon. With the notion of a horizon in mind as well as identifying points as zero-branes, a generalization of a black hole is a black p-brane.
Five-dimensional spaceA five-dimensional space is a space with five dimensions. In mathematics, a sequence of N numbers can represent a location in an N-dimensional space. If interpreted physically, that is one more than the usual three spatial dimensions and the fourth dimension of time used in relativistic physics. Whether or not the universe is five-dimensional is a topic of debate. Much of the early work on five-dimensional space was in an attempt to develop a theory that unifies the four fundamental interactions in nature: strong and weak nuclear forces, gravity and electromagnetism.
Central chargeIn theoretical physics, a central charge is an operator Z that commutes with all the other symmetry operators. The adjective "central" refers to the center of the symmetry group—the subgroup of elements that commute with all other elements of the original group—often embedded within a Lie algebra. In some cases, such as two-dimensional conformal field theory, a central charge may also commute with all of the other operators, including operators that are not symmetry generators.
Réduction dimensionnelleEn physique, une réduction dimensionnelle est une procédure par laquelle, étant donné une théorie formulée sur un espace-temps de dimension , on construit une autre théorie formulée sur un sous-espace de dimension . Dans la suite nous allons décrire brièvement plusieurs procédures de réduction communément utilisées. théorie de Kaluza-Klein Dans cette approche, la plus simple, on contraint les champs de la théorie en dimensions à ne dépendre que des coordonnées du sous-espace .
DilatonEn physique théorique, le dilaton désignait à l'origine un champ scalaire théorique (comme le photon réfère à un champ électromagnétique). Le dilaton apparaît dans la théorie de Kaluza-Klein et obéit à une équation ondulaire non homogène, généralisant l'équation de Klein-Gordon, avec un champ électromagnétique très fort comme source : De plus, dans la théorie des cordes, le dilaton est une particule d'un champ scalaire qui peut être vu comme la trace du graviton ; un champ scalaire (suivant l'équation Klein-Gordon) qui vient toujours avec la gravité.
