Équation de Klein-GordonL'équation de Klein-Gordon, parfois également appelée équation de Klein-Gordon-Fock, est une version relativiste de l'équation de Schrödinger décrivant des particules massives de spin nul, sans ou avec charge électrique, établie indépendamment en 1926 par les physiciens Oskar Klein et Walter Gordon. C'est un exemple d'équation aux dérivées partielles dispersive. L'équation de Klein-Gordon standard (sans champs électromagnétique) peut être obtenue de plusieurs façons.
Gauge symmetry (mathematics)In mathematics, any Lagrangian system generally admits gauge symmetries, though it may happen that they are trivial. In theoretical physics, the notion of gauge symmetries depending on parameter functions is a cornerstone of contemporary field theory. A gauge symmetry of a Lagrangian is defined as a differential operator on some vector bundle taking its values in the linear space of (variational or exact) symmetries of . Therefore, a gauge symmetry of depends on sections of and their partial derivatives.
Théorie de jauge supersymétriqueEn théorie quantique des champs, une théorie de jauge supersymétrique est une théorie possédant une ou plusieurs supersymétries (dans le cas de plusieurs supersymétries on parle de supersymétrie étendue) et incorporant également une symétrie de jauge tout comme les théories de jauge ordinaires non-supersymétriques. Les théories de jauge contenant toujours un ou plusieurs champs de jauge qui sont des champs de spin 1, la présence de la supersymétrie nécessite qu'un tel champ vectoriel soit accompagné d'un partenaire fermionique de spin 1/2 appelé jaugino.
Loop integralIn quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, loop integrals are the integrals which appear when evaluating the Feynman diagrams with one or more loops by integrating over the internal momenta. These integrals are used to determine counterterms, which in turn allow evaluation of the beta function, which encodes the dependence of coupling for an interaction on an energy scale .
Phenomenology (physics)In physics, phenomenology is the application of theoretical physics to experimental data by making quantitative predictions based upon known theories. It is related to the philosophical notion of the same name in that these predictions describe anticipated behaviors for the phenomena in reality. Phenomenology stands in contrast with experimentation in the scientific method, in which the goal of the experiment is to test a scientific hypothesis instead of making predictions.
Introduction to gauge theoryA gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition). Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles.
Ward–Takahashi identityIn quantum field theory, a Ward–Takahashi identity is an identity between correlation functions that follows from the global or gauge symmetries of the theory, and which remains valid after renormalization. The Ward–Takahashi identity of quantum electrodynamics (QED) was originally used by John Clive Ward and Yasushi Takahashi to relate the wave function renormalization of the electron to its vertex renormalization factor, guaranteeing the cancellation of the ultraviolet divergence to all orders of perturbation theory.
Nombre de GrassmannEn physique mathématique, un nombre de Grassmann — ainsi nommé d'après Hermann Günther Grassmann mais aussi appelé supernombre — est un élément de l'algèbre extérieure — ou algèbre de Grassmann — d'un espace vectoriel, le plus souvent sur les nombres complexes. Dans le cas particulier où cet espace est une droite vectorielle réelle, un tel nombre s'appelle un nombre dual. Les nombres de Grassmann ont d'abord été employés en physique pour exprimer une représentation par intégrales de chemins pour les champs de fermions, mais sont à présent largement utilisés pour décrire le sur lequel on définit une supersymétrie.
LeptoquarkLeptoquarks are hypothetical particles that would interact with quarks and leptons. Leptoquarks are color-triplet bosons that carry both lepton and baryon numbers. Their other quantum numbers, like spin, (fractional) electric charge and weak isospin vary among theories. Leptoquarks are encountered in various extensions of the Standard Model, such as technicolor theories, theories of quark–lepton unification (e.g., Pati–Salam model), or GUTs based on SU(5), SO(10), E6, etc.
Mass generationIn theoretical physics, a mass generation mechanism is a theory that describes the origin of mass from the most fundamental laws of physics. Physicists have proposed a number of models that advocate different views of the origin of mass. The problem is complicated because the primary role of mass is to mediate gravitational interaction between bodies, and no theory of gravitational interaction reconciles with the currently popular Standard Model of particle physics.
