Souris knock-outLes souris knock-out sont des souris domestiques (Mus musculus) qui ont été génétiquement modifiées pour inactiver un ou plusieurs gènes dans les cellules souches embryonnaires dont elles sont issues. Ces cellules souches étant pluripotentes, elles sont donc toutes initialement identiques mais une fois réimplantées dans un blastocyste, peuvent former l'ensemble des types cellulaires d'une souris qui porteront alors la mutation introduite. Il faut distinguer le knock-out d'une simple recherche de mutants.
Cellule souche (médecine)Les cellules souches sont des cellules indifférenciées capables de s’autorenouveler et de se différencier en cellules spécialisées. Leur potentiel de différenciation dépend de leur capacité (cellules souches unipotentes, multipotentes ou pluripotentes) et de leur origine (cellules souches fœtales, embryonnaires ou adultes). Les cellules souches ont été décrites dans les années 60 notamment par les chercheurs James Till et Ernest McCulloch.
Biochemical cascadeA biochemical cascade, also known as a signaling cascade or signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initiated by a stimulus. This stimulus, known as a first messenger, acts on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers which amplify the signal and transfer it to effector molecules, causing the cell to respond to the initial stimulus. Most biochemical cascades are series of events, in which one event triggers the next, in a linear fashion.
Leukemia inhibitory factorLeukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate. LIF derives its name from its ability to induce the terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells, thus preventing their continued growth. Other properties attributed to the cytokine include: the growth promotion and cell differentiation of different types of target cells, influence on bone metabolism, cachexia, neural development, embryogenesis and inflammation.
Amniotic stem cellsAmniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane. They can develop into various tissue types including skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. The cells also have potential medical applications, especially in organ regeneration. The stem cells are usually extracted from the amniotic sac by amniocentesis which occurs without harming the embryos.
Stem-cell nicheStem-cell niche refers to a microenvironment, within the specific anatomic location where stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate. The word 'niche' can be in reference to the in vivo or in vitro stem-cell microenvironment. During embryonic development, various niche factors act on embryonic stem cells to alter gene expression, and induce their proliferation or differentiation for the development of the fetus.
T-box transcription factor TT-box transcription factor T, also known as Brachyury protein, is encoded for in humans by the TBXT gene. Brachyury functions as a transcription factor within the T-box family of genes. Brachyury homologs have been found in all bilaterian animals that have been screened, as well as the freshwater cnidarian Hydra. The brachyury mutation was first described in mice by Nadezhda Alexandrovna Dobrovolskaya-Zavadskaya in 1927 as a mutation that affected tail length and sacral vertebrae in heterozygous animals.
Stem-cell lineA stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine. Stem cell By definition, stem cells possess two properties: (1) they can self-renew, which means that they can divide indefinitely while remaining in an undifferentiated state; and (2) they are pluripotent or multipotent, which means that they can differentiate to form specialized cell types.
Reprogrammation épigénétiqueLa reprogrammation désigne en épigénétique l’effaçage et le remodelage des marques épigénétiques telles que la méthylation de l’ADN. Après la fertilisation, des cellules de l’embryon migrent jusqu’à la crête génitale où elles deviendront finalement des cellules germinales. Dans les cellules de la lignée germinale, les génomes paternel et maternel portant une empreinte doivent être reprogrammés lors de la gamétogenèse, c’est-à-dire déméthylés et reméthylés.
