Harmful algal bloomA harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxins, and sometimes as any algal bloom that can result in severely lower oxygen levels in natural waters, killing organisms in marine or fresh waters. Blooms can last from a few days to many months.
Oxygen saturationOxygen saturation (symbol SO2) is a relative measure of the concentration of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium as a proportion of the maximal concentration that can be dissolved in that medium at the given temperature. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. The standard unit of oxygen saturation is percent (%). Oxygen saturation can be measured regionally and noninvasively.
Pollution thermiquevignette|upright=1.4|Vue aérienne des rejets directs d'effluents de l'usine Union Carbide de Charleston dans la rivière Kanawha (ici en 1973). Une partie de ces rejets était de l'eau réchauffée issue du système de refroidissement de l'usine, source de pollution thermique. La pollution thermique est une forte hausse ou diminution de la température d'un milieu (eau, air, sol) par rapport à sa température normale, lorsque cet écart est dû à l'action de l'homme.
Hypoxia (environmental)Hypoxia refers to low oxygen conditions. Normally, 20.9% of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen. The partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is 20.9% of the total barometric pressure. In water, oxygen levels are much lower, approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, and fluctuate locally depending on the presence of photosynthetic organisms and relative distance to the surface (if there is more oxygen in the air, it will diffuse across the partial pressure gradient).
Agricultural pollutionAgricultural pollution refers to biotic and abiotic byproducts of farming practices that result in contamination or degradation of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution may come from a variety of sources, ranging from point source water pollution (from a single discharge point) to more diffuse, landscape-level causes, also known as non-point source pollution and air pollution. Once in the environment these pollutants can have both direct effects in surrounding ecosystems, i.
Fish disease and parasitesLike humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.
Nutrient pollutionNutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters (lakes, rivers and coastal waters), in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth. Sources of nutrient pollution include surface runoff from farm fields and pastures, discharges from septic tanks and feedlots, and emissions from combustion. Raw sewage is a large contributor to cultural eutrophication since sewage is high in nutrients.
Étangvignette|Vue du bassin aux nymphéas avec saule, Claude Monet (1916-1919). vignette|L'étang d'Iloa dans la base de loisirs d'Iloa à Thiers. Un étang (venant du latin stagnum signifiant « stagnant ») est une étendue d'eau stagnante, artificielle ou naturelle, plus grande qu'une mare, située à l'intérieur des terres. La taille de ce qui est considéré comme un étang ou une mare varie d'une région à l'autre. La majorité des étangs sont artificiels et ont été créés à partir du Moyen Âge pour la pisciculture.
Zone morteUne zone morte est une zone hypoxique (déficitaire en oxygène dissous) située dans un environnement aquatique (mers, océans, estuaires, grands lacs, mares, etc.). Les études conduites en mer Baltique et aux États-Unis depuis la fin des années 1990 montrent que nombre de poissons, dont on pourrait penser qu'ils puissent facilement les fuir, y perdent rapidement connaissance et meurent asphyxiés.
Benthosvignette|La colonne d'eau et ses différents étages d'espèces. vignette|Représentation schématique du concept de l'halieute Daniel Pauly. Le benthos est l'ensemble des organismes aquatiques (marins ou dulcicoles), appelés benthontes, vivant à proximité du fond des mers et océans, des lacs et cours d'eau. Par opposition, on parle de pélagos (constitué du plancton et du necton) pour désigner l'ensemble des organismes qui occupent la tranche d'eau supérieure, du fond à la surface.
