Fruit (botanique)

Résumé

thumb|Différents fruits. Le fruit, en botanique, est l'organe végétal contenant une ou plusieurs graines. Caractéristique des Angiospermes, il succède à la fleur par transformation du pistil. La paroi de l'ovaire forme le péricarpe du fruit et l'ovule donne la graine. Ce qui est appelé « fruit » dans le langage alimentaire courant peut être biologiquement parlant un fruit ou un faux-fruit (pomme, ananas...). À l'inverse, un fruit biologique (ou un faux-fruit) peut être désigné couramment comme « légume » (avocat, tomate...), « épice » (poivre, piment...) ou « céréale » (blé, riz...). Fonctions du fruit thumb|300px|Le fruit dans le cycle de reproduction. Le fruit favorise la reproduction de l'espèce, en protégeant la ou les graines et en favorisant leur dissémination. La protection des graines en formation se fait contre les animaux (le jeune fruit n'attire pas les animaux) et les contraintes climatiques. Le fruit mûr favorise ensuite la dissémination des graines. Ce

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_(botanique)

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Apporter aux étudiants les connaissances de base nécessaires à la modélisation et à l'analyse des systèmes dynamiques. Leur apprendre à concevoir des régulateurs et à analyser la performance des systèmes commandés.

The theoretical part of this course covers classical genetics and contemporary genomics. Because bioinformatics has become important for genomic research, the course also includes practical applications to genomic analyses using Python, including group projects.

Le cours comporte deux parties. Les bases de la thermodynamique des équilibres et de la cinétique des réactions sont introduites dans l'une d'elles. Les premières notions de chimie quantique sur les électrons et les liaisons chimiques, exemplifiées en chimie organique, sont présentées dans l'autre.

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Associations between usual diet and gut microbiota composition: results from the Milieu Interieur cross-sectional study

Jacques Fellay

Background: Diet is widely recognized as one of the main modifiable drivers of gut microbiota variability, and its influence on microbiota composition is an active area of investigation. Objective: The present work aimed to explore the associations between usual diet and gut microbiota composition in a large sample of healthy French adults. Methods: Gut microbiota composition was established through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in stool samples from 862 healthy French adults of the Milieu Interieur study. Usual dietary consumptions were determined through the administration of a food-frequency questionnaire. The associations between dietary variables and alpha- and beta-diversity indexes and relative taxa abundances were tested using Spearman correlations, permutational ANOVAs, and multivariate analyses with linear models, respectively. Results: Foods generally considered as healthy (raw fruits, fish) were positively associated with alpha-diversity, whereas food items for which a limited consumption is generally recommended (fried products, sodas or sugary drinks, fatty sweet products, processed meats, ready-cooked meals, and desserts) were negatively associated with alpha-diversity. Fruits, fried products, ready-cooked meals, and cheese contributed to shifts within microbiota composition (beta-diversity). Our results also highlighted a number of associations between various food group intakes and abundances of specific phyla, genera, and species. For instance, the consumption of cheese was negatively associated with Akkermansia muciniphila abundance. Conclusions: This large-scale population-based study supports that the usual consumption of certain food items is associated with several gut microbial features, and extends the mechanistic arguments linking Western diet to an altered microbiota composition. These results provide new insights into the understanding of complex diet-gut microbiota relations, and their implications for host health deserve further investigation because altered microbiota diversity was consistently linked to increased risk of several health outcomes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01699893.

OXFORD UNIV PRESS2019

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In this explorative work we show how the breakdown processes of the internal structure of diluted fruit purees can vary, depending on the laminar or the turbulent motion conditions. This experimental investigation shows that transition to turbulence, if it occurs, causes an increase in mechanical stresses due to the turbulent velocity components and this reflects on the entity of the breakdown processes. The damage to the structure induced by the laminar or the turbulent motion depends on the kind of fruit and on its internal structure and strongly influences the rheological properties of the degradated product. This work leads to the need for future investigation into the transition to turbulence as a function of such 'industrial parameters as dilution degree or temperature level of the transport processes, (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2002

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The scarcity of freshwater resources is a critical problem in semi-arid zones and marginal quality water is increasingly being used in agriculture. This paper aimed at evaluating the physico-chemical and biological risks on irrigated soils and fruits of macrophyte treated wastewater (TWW), the nutrients supply, and the effect on tomato and eggplant production in semi-arid Burkina Faso. During three years of experiments, treated wastewater was used, with fresh water as control, in combination with or without mineral fertilizer application at recommended rate (140 kg N/ha + 180 kg P2O5/ha + 180 kg K2O/ha). The study revealed that the treated wastewater provided variable nutrients supply depending on year and element. The treated wastewater without mineral fertilizer improved eggplant yield (40% in average) compared to the freshwater. Both crops responded better to mineral fertilizer (52% for tomato and 82% for eggplant) and the effects of the treated wastewater and fertilizer were additive. As the N supply of TWW was very unsteady (8-227% of crop need), and P2O5 supply did not satisfy in whole crop need (3-58%) during any of the three years of experiment, we recommended that moderate N and P2O5 fertilizers be applied when irrigating with TWW in semi-arid West-Africa. On the contrary, the K2O supply was more steady and close to crop requirement (78-126%) over the three years of experiment and no addition of K fertilizer may be needed when irrigated with TWW. Faecal coliforms and helminth eggs were observed in treated wastewater and irrigated soils at rate over the FAO and WHO recommended limits for vegetable to be eaten uncooked. Tomato fruits were observed to be faecal coliform contaminated with the direct on-foliage irrigation with treated wastewater. Our results indicate that treated wastewater can effectively be used as both nutrients source and crop water supply in market gardening in the semi-arid Sub-Saharan West Africa (SSWA) where freshwater and farm income are limiting. Yet consumers should properly cook or disinfect treated-wastewater irrigated vegetables before eating, and market gardeners should also be careful manipulating treated wastewater to avoid direct health contamination in this environment. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2011

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Associations between usual diet and gut microbiota composition: results from the Milieu Interieur cross-sectional study

Jacques Fellay

OXFORD UNIV PRESS2019

Elsevier2011