Résumé
Sodium azide is an inorganic compound with the formula . This colorless salt is the gas-forming component in some car airbag systems. It is used for the preparation of other azide compounds. It is an ionic substance, is highly soluble in water, and is very acutely poisonous. Sodium azide is an ionic solid. Two crystalline forms are known, rhombohedral and hexagonal. Both adopt layered structures. The azide anion is very similar in each form, being centrosymmetric with N–N distances of 1.18 Å. The ion has an octahedral geometry. Each azide is linked to six centers, with three Na–N bonds to each terminal nitrogen center. The common synthesis method is the "Wislicenus process", which proceeds in two steps in liquid ammonia. In the first step, ammonia is converted to sodium amide by metallic sodium: It is a redox reaction in which metallic sodium gives an electron to a proton of ammonia which is reduced in hydrogen gas. Sodium easily dissolves in liquid ammonia to produce hydrated electrons responsible for the blue color of the resulting liquid. The and ions are produced by this reaction. The sodium amide is subsequently combined with nitrous oxide: These reactions are the basis of the industrial route, which produced about 250 tons per year in 2004, with production increasing due to the increased use of airbags. Curtius and Thiele developed another production process, where a nitrite ester is converted to sodium azide using hydrazine. This method is suited for laboratory preparation of sodium azide: Alternatively the salt can be obtained by the reaction of sodium nitrate with sodium amide. Treatment of sodium azide with strong acids gives gaseous hydrazoic acid (hydrogen azide; HN3), which is also extremely toxic: Aqueous solutions contain minute amounts of hydrazoic acid , the formation of which is described by the following equilibrium: K = 10−4.6 Sodium azide can be destroyed by treatment with in situ prepared nitrous acid (HNO2; not HNO3). In situ preparation is necessary as HNO2 is unstable and decomposes rapidly in aqueous solutions.
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Concepts associés (8)
Organic azide
An organic azide is an organic compound that contains an azide (–) functional group. Because of the hazards associated with their use, few azides are used commercially although they exhibit interesting reactivity for researchers. Low molecular weight azides are considered especially hazardous and are avoided. In the research laboratory, azides are precursors to amines. They are also popular for their participation in the "click reaction" between an azide and an alkyne and in Staudinger ligation.
Azoture
Les azotures sont les sels de l'acide azothydrique HN3, ainsi que les azotures organiques dans lesquels un des atomes d'azote est lié de façon covalente avec un atome de carbone d'un composé organique. Les azotures organiques peuvent par exemple être obtenus par substitution d'un halogénure ou un sulfonate d'alkyle par un azoture inorganique. L'action des sels d'azotures sur les halogénures d'acyle conduit à la formation d'azotures d'acyles possédant une réactivité particulière.
Nitrate de sodium
Le nitrate de sodium est un corps chimique composé ionique incolore et anhydre, contenant l'anion nitrate et le cation sodium, caractérisé par la formule . Il correspond au minéral naturel de maille rhomboédrique et trigonale, la nitronatrite. Il s'agit du principal composant du salpêtre du Chili, qui a été au et au début du une matière première fondamentale pour l'industrie chimique européenne, que ce soit pour la synthèse de l'acide nitrique et ses dérivés techniques, par exemple les engrais nitratés ou les composés de base de l'industrie d'armements et des explosifs.
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