État précancéreuxthumb|Étapes de passage d'un état normal à un état cancéreux Un est la forme que prend un tissu, organe ou partie d'organe, où est susceptible de se développer un cancer propre à ce tissu ou cet organe. Il peut se reconnaître par une lésion, dite précancéreuse. Au niveau d'un épithélium, il peut s'agir d'une dysplasie, qui est une altération du métabolisme cellulaire. Comme exemples d'affections précancéreuses, on peut citer les dysplasies pouvant survenir au cours de la gastrite chronique à Helicobacter pylori, l'endobrachyœsophage par reflux gastro-œsophagien, le condylome à papillomavirus du col utérin, un adénome du côlon.
Infectious causes of cancerEstimates place the worldwide risk of cancers from infectious causes at 16.1%. Viral infections are risk factors for cervical cancer, 80% of liver cancers, and 15–20% of the other cancers. This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 32.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 3.3% in Australia and New Zealand. A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus or tumor virus.
Genome instabilityGenome instability (also genetic instability or genomic instability) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage. These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences, chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy. Genome instability does occur in bacteria. In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis, and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy.
MalignancyMalignancy () is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer. A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues. A benign tumor has none of those properties, but may be harmful to health. The term benign in more general medical use characterises a condition or growth that is not cancerous, i.
Somatic evolution in cancerSomatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germ plasm and stem cells) during a lifetime, and the effects of those mutations and epimutations on the fitness of those cells. This evolutionary process has first been shown by the studies of Bert Vogelstein in colon cancer. Somatic evolution is important in the process of aging as well as the development of some diseases, including cancer. Cells in pre-malignant and malignant neoplasms (tumors) evolve by natural selection.
Lymphome diffus à grandes cellules BLe lymphome diffus à grandes cellules B (LDGC-B) est un cancer des lymphocytes B, un type de globule blanc chargé de produire des anticorps. C'est le type de lymphome non hodgkinien le plus fréquent chez l’adulte, avec une incidence de 7 à 8 cas pour aux USA. Ce cancer touche principalement les individus âgés, avec un âge médian de diagnostic d'environ . Il peut toucher des enfants ou de jeunes adultes dans de rares cas.
