ThermogenèseLa thermogenèse est la production de chaleur de l’organisme chez les animaux par augmentation du métabolisme cellulaire. Elle s'oppose à la thermolyse, qui correspond aux mécanismes d’exportation de la chaleur produite en excès par l’organisme. Elle intervient quand la température du corps est inférieure au point de consigne (température d'environ ). Cela entraîne alors la libération dans le sang de catécholamines (adrénaline), qui entraînent une vasoconstriction au niveau de la peau.
PolydipsieLa polydipsie est un symptôme rencontré le plus souvent en endocrinologie et caractérisé par une soif excessive avec augmentation de l'absorption de liquide, causée par la polyurie dans le cas du diabète, qu'il soit de type insipide (par diminution de la sécrétion de la HAD) ou sucré (augmentation de l'osmolarité due à l'augmentation de la concentration en glucose), ou dans certains cas de diabète sucré, par un dérèglement du centre hypothalamique de la soif.
Adrenal medullaThe adrenal medulla (medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine, in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels.
Biological processBiological processes are those processes that are vital for an organism to live, and that shape its capacities for interacting with its environment. Biological processes are made of many chemical reactions or other events that are involved in the persistence and transformation of life forms. Metabolism and homeostasis are examples. Biological processes within an organism can also work as bioindicators. Scientists are able to look at an individual's biological processes to monitor the effects of environmental changes.
Futile cycleA futile cycle, also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat. The reason this cycle was called "futile" cycle was because it appeared that this cycle operated with no net utility for the organism. As such, it was thought of being a quirk of the metabolism and thus named a futile cycle. After further investigation it was seen that futile cycles are very important for regulating the concentrations of metabolites.
Retrograde signalingRetrograde signaling in biology is the process where a signal travels backwards from a target source to its original source. For example, the nucleus of a cell is the original source for creating signaling proteins. During retrograde signaling, instead of signals leaving the nucleus, they are sent to the nucleus. In cell biology, this type of signaling typically occurs between the mitochondria or chloroplast and the nucleus. Signaling molecules from the mitochondria or chloroplast act on the nucleus to affect nuclear gene expression.
HyperventilationL'hyperventilation est un mode de respiration dans lequel l'inspiration est fortement accentuée. Cette façon de respirer produit un changement des proportions de gaz dans le sang, notamment un fort taux d'oxygène et une baisse de dioxyde de carbone, ainsi qu'une modification du pH sanguin (alcalose respiratoire). En apnée, l'hyperventilation est utilisée pour réduire le taux de dioxyde de carbone () dans le sang (hypocapnie) sans parallèlement augmenter notablement le taux d'oxygène (, hyperoxie).
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axisThe hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress. As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland. The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)) and responds by releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
Bicarbonate buffer systemThe bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn rapidly dissociates to form a bicarbonate ion (HCO ) and a hydrogen ion (H+) as shown in the following reaction: As with any buffer system, the pH is balanced by the presence of both a weak acid (for example, H2CO3) and its conjugate base (for example, HCO) so that any excess acid or base introduced to the system is neutralized.
Facteur natriurétique auriculaireLe facteur natriurétique auriculaire (FNA) ou facteur atrial natriurétique (FAN) (en anglais, Atrial Natriuretic Factor ou ANF), encore appelé peptide natriurétique atrial (ou ANP de l'Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ), auriculine, atriopeptine ou cardionatrine, est une hormone polypeptidique essentiellement synthétisée par l'atrium droit du cœur. Il participe à l'homéostasie du sodium, du potassium et de l'eau en agissant sur l'excrétion rénale, et possède une action vasodilatatrice.
