Front d'onde | EPFL Graph Search

Le front d'onde ou la surface d'onde est une surface d'égale phase d'une onde, c'est-à-dire que ces points ont mis le même temps de parcours depuis la source. Le concept est utilisé pour décrire la propagation des ondes comme le son ou le rayonnement électromagnétique (lumière, onde radio, etc.). Dans un milieu homogène et isotrope, dans lequel les ondes se propagent sans déformation, on distingue deux types d'ondes particulières selon que les fronts d'ondes sont des sphères (onde sphérique) ou des plans (onde plane). En théorie de la diffraction, le principe de Huygens-Fresnel énonce qu'en aval d'un front d'onde, l'onde reçue peut être considérée comme résultant d'ondes sphériques émises par chacun des points dudit front. En interférométrie, la distance entre fronts d'onde entre généralement dans le calcul de la différence de marche. Principaux types de front d'onde Le front d'onde évolue dans l'espace à la vitesse de propagation de l'onde dans une direction normale à la

Multimode fiber optical imaging using wavefront control

Nicolino Stasio

Optical microscopy enables us to observe at high resolution and with a large field of view objects otherwise invisible for the naked eye. This is why it is becoming a fundamental tool in biology and in diagnostics, where observation at cellular level can tell about the health status of a tissue. At visible wavelengths, light undergoes scattering when propagating through tissues, limiting the imaging depth to the first cellular layers of a biological sample. Endoscopic approaches allow the bypass of the scattering layers and move the accessible volume centimeters inside tissues, ideally keeping large field of view and high-resolution capabilities. In this thesis we explore the combination of wavefront control and ultrathin multimode optical fibers to develop a new family of endoscopes able to generate images with micrometric resolution being, at the same time, minimally invasive. We demonstrate that a variety of imaging techniques can be implemented in optical fiber-based endoscopy, maximizing the amount of information that can be collected through a few hundreds of micrometers-thick probe. Firstly, we describe digital phase conjugation (DPC), which is the utilized wavefront shaping technique to convert a multimode optical fiber in an ultrathin endoscope. The use of DPC in synergy with multimode optical fibers resulted in ultrathin probes able to perform fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and multiphoton imaging. Moreover, we show that using saturation excitation of fluorescent samples we can beat the resolution limit imposed by the numerical aperture of the optical fiber and obtain optical sectioning. In the first part of the thesis we describe which steps have been performed towards the implementation of these techniques. In the second part, we exploit coherent fiber bundles as imaging probes. This kind of fiber is typically utilized in endoscopy, but their resolution is limited by the distance between the fiberâs cores. Here we show two techniques - one based on DPC and a second based on statistical properties of speckle patterns - to obtain images with a better resolution than the one imposed by the core-to-core spacing, both relying on a unique property of multicore fibers: the memory effect. We also accomplished complex pattern transmission through multicore fibers with high resolution. Overall, the presented work provides new insights in imaging through optical fibers based on wavefront shaping techniques, opening up pathways for addressing current issues in this research field.

EPFL2017

Shot noise, refractive index tomography and aberrations estimation in digital holographic microscopy

Florian Charrière

The present thesis develops some specific aspects of digital holographic microscopy (DHM), namely the effect of shot noise on the phase image accuracy, the use of DHM in micro-tomography and in aberrations evaluation of a microscope objective (MO). DHM is an imaging technique, allowing to measure quantitatively the wavefront transmitted through or reflected by a specimen seen through a MO. A hologram, composed by the interference of the wave coming from the object with a reference wave, is recorded with a camera and then numerically processed to extract both amplitude and phase information. Thanks to its interferometric nature, DHM provides phase images, corresponding to a nanometric accuracy along the optical axis of the microscope, revealing extremely detailed information about the specimen surface in reflection configuration or its internal structure in transmission configuration. DHM has proven its efficiency on numerous applications fields going from cells biology to MEMS-MOEMS devices. In a first part, the use of DHM as metrological tools in the field of micro-optics testing is demonstrated. DHM measurement principle is compared with techniques employed in Twyman-Green, Mach-Zehnder, and white-light interferometers. Refractive microlenses are characterized with reflection DHM and the data are confronted with data obtained with standard interferometers. Specific features of DHM such as digital focussing, measurement of shape differences with respect to a perfect model, surface roughness measurements, and evaluation of a lens optical performance are discussed. The capability to image nonspherical lenses without modification of the optical setup, a key advantage of DHM against conventional interferometers, is demonstrated on a cylindrical mircrolens and a square lenses array. A second part treats the effect of shot noise in DHM. DHM is a single shot imaging technique, and its short hologram acquisition time (down to microseconds) offers a reduced sensitivity to vibrations. Real time observation is achievable, thanks to present performances of personal computers and digital camera. Fast dynamic imaging at low-light level involves few photons, requiring proper settings of the system (integration time and gain of the camera; power of the light source) to minimize the influence of shot noise on the hologram when the highest phase accuracy is aimed. With simulated and experimental data, a systematic analysis of the fundamental shot noise influence on phase accuracy in DHM is presented. Different configurations of the reference wave and the object wave intensities are also discussed, illustrating the detection limit and the coherent amplification of the object wave. In a third part, DHM has for the first time been applied to perform optical diffraction tomography of biological specimens: a pollen grain and living amoebas. Quantitative 2D phase images are acquired for regularly-spaced angular positions of the specimen covering a total angle of π, allowing to build 3D quantitative refractive index distributions by an inverse Radon transform. A precision of 0.01 for the refractive index estimation and a spatial resolution in the micron range are shown. For the amoebas, morphometric measurements are extracted from the tomographic reconstructions. The fourth part presents a DHM technique to determine the integral refractive index and morphology of cells. As the refractive index is a function of the cell dry mass, depending on the intra-cellular concentration and the organelles arrangement, the optical phase shift induced by the specimen on the transmitted wave can be regarded as a powerful endogenous contrast agent. The dual-wavelengths technique proposed in this thesis exploits the dispersion of the perfusion medium to obtain a set of equations, allowing decoupling the contributions of the refractive index and the cellular thickness to the total phase signal. The two wavelengths are chosen in the vicinity of the absorption peak of a dye added to the perfusion medium, where the absorption is accompanied by a strong variation of the refractive index as a function of the wavelength. The technique is demonstrated on yeasts. The last part exposes two methods capable of measuring the complex 3D amplitude point spread function (APSF) of an optical imaging system. The first approach consists in evaluating in amplitude and phase the image of a single emitting point, a 60 nm diameter tip of a Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) fiber, with an original digital holographic setup. A single hologram giving access to the transverse APSF, the 3D APSF is obtained by performing an axial scan of the SNOM fiber. The method is demonstrated on an 20x 0.4 NA MO. For a 100x 1.3 NA MO, measurements performed with the new setup are compared with the prediction of an analytical aberrations model. The second method allows measuring the APSF of a MO with a single holographic acquisition of its pupil wavefront. The aberration function is extracted from this pupil measurement and then inserted in a scalar model of diffraction allowing to calculate the distribution of the complex wavefront propagated around the focal point. The results are compared with a direct measurement of the APSF achieved with the first proposed approach.

EPFL2007

Low coherence digital holographic microscopy

Pia Massatsch

A new holographic technique combining digital holographic microscopy with the use of low coherence light has been developed and the potential of the resulting method for vision in turbid media and biomedical imaging has been evaluated. In digital holography the hologram is recorded on a CCD camera and reconstructed numerically on a PC, giving direct access to the phase and the amplitude of the reconstructed wave front. This technique is combined with low coherence light, creating the possibility to perform optical sectioning. Series of holograms corresponding to slices at different depths in the specimen are recorded and each of these holograms contain phase and amplitude information of the light originating from the corresponding tomographic slice in the object. Sub micrometer lateral resolution is obtained experimentally and the phase distribution of the reconstructed object corresponds to a depth resolution of approximately 10 nm for a depth range of a couple of micrometers. A second level depth resolution is achieved using low coherence illumination. The thickness of a tomographic layer in water is 11 µm. Vision through 18 mean free paths (mfp) of turbid media (micro sphere suspension) is demonstrated with depth resolved reconstruction of the phase. Both amplitude and phase is reconstructed through 17 mfp's of turbid media. Tomographic imaging of a USAF test target hidden behind a 100 µm thick onion cell membrane is performed with phase and amplitude reconstructions of the test target as well as the surface of the onion cell membrane. Tomography of a biological specimen is demonstrated by the images of an onion shell, with structures visible down to a depth of 1 mm and by the images of a St-Paulia leaf presenting two cellular layers separated by 200 µm. Two structures of the anterior eye, the iris and the cornea, are studied on enucleated porcine eyes. A tomography of the iris border close to the pupil was performed and the penetration into the iris tissue is good. The cornea is first imaged without contact medium giving images strongly dominated by the air-cornea reflection. These images contain valuable information on the superficial epithelial cells in spite the presence of the tear film on the cornea. A water immersion configuration is also applied to enable a tomography of the cornea. A z-scan profile of the cornea is obtained and phase and amplitude images are reconstructed for different locations in the cornea (epithelium, stroma and endothelium).

EPFL2003