Syntactic movementSyntactic movement is the means by which some theories of syntax address discontinuities. Movement was first postulated by structuralist linguists who expressed it in terms of discontinuous constituents or displacement. Some constituents appear to have been displaced from the position in which they receive important features of interpretation. The concept of movement is controversial and is associated with so-called transformational or derivational theories of syntax (such as transformational grammar, government and binding theory, minimalist program).
ThématisationEn linguistique, on appelle thématisation (dans la tradition terminologique francophone) ou topicalisation (dans la tradition terminologique anglophone) un procédé langagier consistant à mettre en position de thème (en anglais topic) un élément ou un groupe d'éléments qui composent la phrase. Selon la définition structuraliste, le thème est à opposer au rhème dans le sens où le rhème représente un propos « nouveau » alors que le thème représente le cadre général du discours.
Théorie X-barreLa théorie X-barre (notée X̅) a été proposée par Noam Chomsky en 1970 dans le cadre de la linguistique générative, et développée ensuite par Ray Jackendoff (1977). Elle permet d'imposer des restrictions sur la classe des catégories grammaticales possibles tout en permettant une mise en parallèle de ces dernières grâce à des métarègles (généralisation de plusieurs règles). Par extension, cette théorie prédit des catégories grammaticales non-marquées au contraire des catégories majeures (nom, verbe, adjectif et adverbe) : déterminant (Dét.
Scrambling (linguistics)Scrambling is a syntactic phenomenon wherein sentences can be formulated using a variety of different word orders without any change in meaning. Scrambling often results in a discontinuity since the scrambled expression can end up at a distance from its head. Scrambling does not occur in English, but it is frequent in languages with freer word order, such as German, Russian, Persian and Turkic languages. The term was coined by Haj Ross in his 1967 dissertation and is widely used in present work, particularly with the generative tradition.
ExtrapositionExtraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting, which does not generate a discontinuity. The extraposed constituent is separated from its governor by one or more words that dominate its governor. Two types of extraposition are acknowledged in theoretical syntax: standard cases where extraposition is optional and it-extraposition where extraposition is obligatory.
Discontinuity (linguistics)In linguistics, a discontinuity occurs when a given word or phrase is separated from another word or phrase that it modifies in such a manner that a direct connection cannot be established between the two without incurring crossing lines in the tree structure. The terminology that is employed to denote discontinuities varies depending on the theory of syntax at hand. The terms discontinuous constituent, displacement, long distance dependency, unbounded dependency, and projectivity violation are largely synonymous with the term discontinuity.
AnglaisLanglais (English ; prononcé : ) est une langue indo-européenne germanique originaire d'Angleterre qui tire ses racines de langues du nord de l'Europe (terre d'origine des Angles, des Saxons et des Frisons) dont le vocabulaire a été enrichi et la syntaxe et la grammaire modifiées par le français anglo-normand, apporté par les Normands, puis par le français avec les Plantagenêt. La langue anglaise est ainsi composée d'environ 29 % de mots d'origine normande et française et plus des deux tiers de son vocabulaire proviennent du français ou du latin.
Determiner phraseIn linguistics, a determiner phrase (DP) is a type of phrase headed by a determiner such as many. Controversially, many approaches, take a phrase like not very many apples to be a DP, headed, in this case, by the determiner many. This is called the DP analysis or the DP hypothesis. Others reject this analysis in favor of the more traditional NP (noun phrase or nominal phrase) analysis where apples would be the head of the phrase in which the DP not very many is merely a dependent.
InterrogativeAn interrogative clause is a clause whose form is typically associated with question-like meanings. For instance, the English sentence "Is Hannah sick?" has interrogative syntax which distinguishes it from its declarative counterpart "Hannah is sick". Also, the additional question mark closing the statement assures that the reader is informed of the interrogative mood. Interrogative clauses may sometimes be embedded within a phrase, for example: "Paul knows who is sick", where the interrogative clause "who is sick" serves as complement of the embedding verb "know".
Interrogation (linguistique)En linguistique, l'interrogation est un acte de langage par laquelle l'émetteur d'un énoncé adresse au destinataire (réel ou fictif) de celui-ci une demande d'information portant sur son contenu. Une phrase interrogative est couramment appelée « question ». L'interrogation totale concerne la phrase entière et appelle une réponse totale, comme « oui », « non », « sûrement »... Une telle question totale porte en fait très souvent sur un élément partiel, mis en relief par divers moyens ou non : ex.
