Système immunitaire artificiel

Un système immunitaire artificiel (SIA) est une catégorie d'algorithme inspirée par les principes et le fonctionnement du système immunitaire naturel (SIN) des vertébrés. Ces algorithmes exploitent typiquement les caractéristiques du système immunitaire pour ce qui est de l'apprentissage et de la mémorisation comme moyens de résolution de problèmes. Les fonctionnements simulés dans les SIA comprennent la reconnaissance de motifs, l'hypermutation, la sélection clonale pour les cellules B, la pour les cellules T, la et la théorie des réseaux immunitaires. Métaphore Cet article couvre l'implantation algorithmique de ces fonctionnalités. Pour la terminologie biologique, le lecteur pourra se référer à l'article sur le système immunitaire naturel. Du point de vue de l'informatique, le système immunitaire artificiel est un système distribué auto-organisé avec un contrôle décentralisé pouvant effectuer des tâches de classification, de reconnaissance et d'apprentissage à l'ai

Statistical Analysis of Chao’s Immune System Simulation

Eric Winnington

Modeling the immune system (IS) means putting together a set of assumptions about its components (cells and organs) and their interactions. Simulations of a model show joint behavior of the components, which for complex realistic models is often impossible to find analytically. Simulations allow us to experiment on how initial concentrations and properties of the immune cells and viruses impact the IS behavior, and gain better quantitative and qualitative insight into how the IS works and why different behavior patterns occur. A simulation, once it has been created, must be reviewed both statistically and analytically as well as validated from the biological point of view. We analyzed Chao’s immune system simulation [1][2] from a statistical and analytical point. We explicited both the Markov chain which was simulated and the underlying process on which Chao’s stage-structured approach was built. Furthermore, we established a test protocol for timestep validation which Chao’s simulator passed. We evaluated Chao’s simulator’s dependence on the random number generator, which was shown to be negligible. Finally, we evaluated the simulator output and our major result is the discovery of a secondary response to a primary infection, an occurrence is not shown in Chao’s dissertation. A tertiary response to the infection is never possible due to the size of the secondary response caused by memory cells.

2005

Large-Scale Image Segmentation with Convolutional Networks

Pedro Henrique Oliveira Pinheiro

Object recognition is one of the most important problems in computer vision. However, visual recognition poses many challenges when tried to be reproduced by artificial systems. A main challenge is the problem of variability: objects can appear across huge variations in pose, appearance, illumination and occlusion, and a visual system need to be robust to all these changes. In the present thesis, we are interested in pixel-level recognition problems, ie, problems in which the objective is to partition a given image into multiple regions (overlapping or not) that are considered meaningful according to some criterion. Our interests are in algorithms that require the least amount of feature engineering and are easy to scale. Deep learning methods fit very well with this objective: these models alleviate the need of engineered features by discriminatively training a system from raw data (pixels). More precisely, we propose different convolutional neural network (CNN) based algorithms to deal with three important segmentation problems: semantic segmentation, object proposal generation and object detection with segments. The objective of semantic segmentation is to generate a categorical label to each pixel present in a scene. We first study the problem of fully supervised semantic segmentation. We propose a recurrent CNN that is able to consider a large input context (while limiting its capacity), which is essential to model long range pixel label dependencies. This approach achieves state-of-the-art performance without relying on any post-processing smoothing step. However, having densely labeled images to train a model can be expensive and require a lot of human labor. We also propose a CNN-based model that is able to infer object semantic segmentation by leveraging only the object category information from images. This is achieved by casting the problem into a multiple instance learning framework. This approach beats previous state of the art in weakly supervised semantic segmentation by a large margin. Object proposal algorithms generate a set of regions (segments) that are likely to contain objects, independent of their semantic category. Contrary to most approaches (which rely on low-level vision cues), we propose a CNN-based discriminative approach that is able to learn segmentation proposals from raw pixels. This approach is proven to be quite effective in this setting, achieving substantially higher recall using fewer proposals than other methods. The state of the art is pushed further with the introduction of a new top-down network augmentation. The resulting bottom-up/top-down network combines low-level rich spatial information with high-level object semantic information to improve segmentation, while remaining fast at test time. Finally, we show that the proposals generated by our approach, when coupled with a standard state-of-the-art object detection pipeline, achieve considerably better performance than previous proposals methods.

EPFL2017

Large-Scale Image Segmentation with Convolutional Networks

Pedro Henrique Oliveira Pinheiro

Sciences et Techniques de l’Ingénieur (STI)2017

Large-Scale Image Segmentation with Convolutional Networks

Pedro Henrique Oliveira Pinheiro

EPFL2017

Large-Scale Image Segmentation with Convolutional Networks

Pedro Henrique Oliveira Pinheiro

Sciences et Techniques de l’Ingénieur (STI)2017