Forensic materials engineeringForensic materials engineering, a branch of forensic engineering, focuses on the material evidence from crime or accident scenes, seeking defects in those materials which might explain why an accident occurred, or the source of a specific material to identify a criminal. Many analytical methods used for material identification may be used in investigations, the exact set being determined by the nature of the material in question, be it metal, glass, ceramic, polymer or composite.
Ozone crackingCracks can be formed in many different elastomers by ozone attack, and the characteristic form of attack of vulnerable rubbers is known as ozone cracking. The problem was formerly very common, especially in tires, but is now rarely seen in those products owing to preventive measures. However, it does occur in many other safety-critical items such as fuel lines and rubber seals, such as gaskets and O-rings, where ozone attack is considered unlikely. Only a trace amount of the gas is needed to initiate cracking, and so these items can also succumb to the problem.
Trace evidenceTrace evidence is created when objects make contact, and material is transferred. This type of evidence is usually not visible to the eye and requires specific tools and techniques to be obtained. Due to this, trace evidence is often overlooked, and investigators must be trained to detect it. This type of evidence can link a victim to suspects and a victim or suspect to the crime scene. The importance of trace evidence in criminal investigations was shown by Edmond Locard in the early 20th century, with his exchange principle, that every contact leaves a trace.
Applied spectroscopyApplied spectroscopy is the application of various spectroscopic methods for the detection and identification of different elements or compounds to solve problems in fields like forensics, medicine, the oil industry, atmospheric chemistry, and pharmacology. A common spectroscopic method for analysis is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), where chemical bonds can be detected through their characteristic infrared absorption frequencies or wavelengths.
Faciès de ruptureEn science des matériaux, le faciès de rupture désigne l'allure de la surface créée par la rupture d'une pièce. L'analyse de cette surface est essentielle pour comprendre comment et pourquoi le matériau s'est rompu. Le faciès de rupture est toujours interprété par une combinaison des caractéristiques du matériau et de ses sollicitations. La discipline scientifique qui analyse les faciès de rupture s'appelle la fractographie, terme proposé en 1944 par Zapffe et Clogg.
Dégradation d'un polymèrevignette|Délaminage d'une peinture automobile. La plupart des polymères organiques (et des matériaux correspondants) sont, de par leur structure caténaire, considérés comme des composés « vivants », car sensibles à leur environnement et sujets au vieillissement. La dégradation d'un polymère est le changement, généralement non désiré, de ses propriétés physiques et mécaniques, causé par des facteurs environnementaux plus ou moins agressifs : attaque d'un produit chimique tel un acide concentré, dioxygène (oxydation), chaleur, radiation (photolyse), eau (hydrolyse), contrainte Ensemble, ces facteurs agissent souvent en synergie.
