An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university. These institutions often offer degrees at various levels, usually divided into undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The most common undergraduate degree is the bachelor's degree, although some educational systems offer lower level undergraduate degrees such as associate and foundation degrees. Common postgraduate degrees include master's degrees and doctorates.
The doctorate (Latin: doceo, "I teach") appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach (Latin: licentia docendi) at a medieval university. Its roots can be traced to the early church when the term "doctor" referred to the Apostles, church fathers and other Christian authorities who taught and interpreted the Bible. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the church which required the applicant to pass a test, take an oath of allegiance and pay a fee. The Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access – now largely free of charge – of all able applicants, who were, however, still tested for aptitude by the ecclesiastic scholastic. This right remained a point of contention between the church authorities and the slowly emancipating universities, but was granted by the Pope to the University of Paris in 1231 where it became a universal license to teach (licentia ubique docendi). However, while the licentia continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelor's degree (Baccalaureus), it was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the Magister and doctorate, both of which now became the exclusive qualification for teaching.
At the university, doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of "Master of Arts", seven years, was the same as the term of apprenticeship for other occupations.
Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.
Un grade universitaire est un degré dans la hiérarchie des études supérieures. Il est attesté par un diplôme délivré par les universités et autres institutions d’études supérieures. Les grades sont conférés aux titulaires de diplômes de l'enseignement supérieur délivrés par les universités et les établissements habilités. Les grades peuvent être également conférés aux titulaires de certains diplômes propres à des établissements. À ces grades peuvent être associés un certain nombre de droits et de privilèges, pouvant varier suivant les disciplines et les finalités.
A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline). The two most common bachelor's degrees are the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and the Bachelor of Science (BS or BSc).
vignette|Université de Berkeley en Californie Le terme d’études supérieures (parfois appelées ), ou d'enseignement supérieur, désigne généralement l'instruction dispensée par les universités, les collèges anglo-saxons, avec en France un système plus dual de grandes écoles, d’instituts et d'autres institutions comme les grands établissements décernant des grades universitaires ou autres diplômes de l’enseignement supérieur. Ces études visent à acquérir un niveau « supérieur » de compétences, généralement via une inscription ou concours d'entrée, un cursus ponctués par des examens.
L'art des structures propose une découverte du fonctionnement des structures porteuses, telles que les bâtiments, les toitures ou les ponts. Ce cours présente les principes du dimensionnement et les s
Les structures en treillis, en poutre, en dalles et en cadre sont essentielles pour une grande partie des constructions modernes : immeubles pour l'habitation ou de bureaux, halles et usines, ponts, o
Singular cohomology is defined by dualizing the singular chain complex for spaces. We will study its basic properties, see how it acquires a multiplicative structure and becomes a graded commutative a
This course is an introduction to the theory of Riemann surfaces. Riemann surfaces naturally appear is mathematics in many different ways: as a result of analytic continuation, as quotients of complex
The course focuses on morphological and analytical structure research methods for materials science using electrons, photons and ions.
This thesis evaluates the potential of Ultra Wideband Impulse Radio for wireless sensor network applications. Wireless sensor networks are collections of small electronic devices composed of one or mo
Explore la dynamique des foliations de surface singulières de Riemann, en se concentrant sur les champs vectoriels, les parties linéaires et les changements coordonnés.
Explore la transduction et le déclassement dans les dispositifs micro/nanomécaniques, en mettant l'accent sur les sources sonores et le traitement des signaux.