MacroevolutionMacroevolution usually means the evolution of large-scale structures and traits that go significantly beyond the intraspecific variation found in microevolution (including speciation). In other words, macroevolution is the evolution of taxa above the species level (genera, families, orders, etc.). Macroevolution is often thought to require the evolution of completely new structures such as entirely new organs. However, fundamentally novel structures are not necessary for dramatic evolutionary change.
Phyletic gradualismPhyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis). In this view no clear line of demarcation exists between an ancestral species and a descendant species, unless splitting occurs. The theory is contrasted with punctuated equilibrium. The word phyletic derives from the Greek φυλετικός phūletikos, which conveys the meaning of a line of descent.
Alternatives to Darwinian evolutionAlternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things. The alternatives in question do not deny that evolutionary changes over time are the origin of the diversity of life, nor that the organisms alive today share a common ancestor from the distant past (or ancestors, in some proposals); rather, they propose alternative mechanisms of evolutionary change over time, arguing against mutations acted on by natural selection as the most important driver of evolutionary change.
Structuralism (biology)Biological or process structuralism is a school of biological thought that objects to an exclusively Darwinian or adaptationist explanation of natural selection such as is described in the 20th century's modern synthesis. It proposes instead that evolution is guided differently, basically by more or less physical forces which shape the development of an animal's body, and sometimes implies that these forces supersede selection altogether. Structuralists have proposed different mechanisms that might have guided the formation of body plans.
Stephen Jay GouldStephen Jay Gould, né le et mort le , est un paléontologue américain, professeur de géologie et d'histoire des sciences à l'université Harvard, qui a beaucoup œuvré à la vulgarisation de la théorie de l'évolution en biologie et à l'histoire des sciences depuis Darwin. Ses propres travaux de recherche l'ont conduit à formuler la théorie des équilibres ponctués, selon laquelle les transitions évolutives entre les espèces au cours de l'évolution se font brutalement et non graduellement.
Forme transitionnellevignette|droite|500px|Évolution des vertébrés selon un diagramme axial représentant les cinq grandes classes (poissons, amphibiens, reptiles, oiseaux et mammifères). La largeur des axes indique le nombre de familles dans chaque classe (les téléostéens, poissons à squelette complètement osseux et à nageoires rayonnantes, représentent 99,8 % des espèces de poissons, et près de la moitié des espèces de vertébrés). En classification phylogénétique, seuls les oiseaux et les mammifères sont des groupes monophylétiques (les poissons, amphibiens et reptiles étant des groupes paraphylétiques).
