Comportement prosocial

Le comportement prosocial humain désigne les comportements de souci de l'autre, et notamment d'aide, dirigés vers des personnes inconnues ou en difficulté. C'est une intention volontaire pratiquée sans attente de contrepartie. Il vise à aider, soutenir, réconforter, c'est-à-dire d'apporter un avantage, améliorer le bien-être physique, social ou psychologique de l'autre. Il s'agit souvent d'une réponse positive à la souffrance émotionnelle d'autrui, qui passe par l'empathie, puis le don, le partage et la coopération. L'étude de ce comportement remonte à la philosophie antique. Comprendre les comportements prosociaux demande de répondre à trois questions sur l'altruisme : « Quand, comment et pourquoi aide-t-on les autres ? ». De nombreux facteurs sont en cause ; contextuels, individuels, socio-culturels, psychosociaux, cognitifs, biologiques ou motivationnels. La recherche tente de déterminer si un comportement d'aide vise un objectif altruiste ou égoïste. Origine du comporte

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The course allows students to get familiarized with the basic tools and concepts of modern microeconomic analysis. Based on graphical reasoning and analytical calculus, it constantly links to real economic issues.

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Leader corruption depends on power and testosterone

John Antonakis, Samuel Bendahan

We used incentivized experimental games to manipulate leader power - the number of followers and the discretion leaders had to enforce their will. Leaders had complete autonomy in deciding payouts to themselves and their followers. Although leaders could make prosocial decisions to benefit the public good they could also abuse their power by invoking antisocial decisions, which reduced the total payouts to the group but increased the leaders' earnings. In Study 1 (N = 478), we found that both amount of followers and discretionary choices independently predicted leader corruption. In Study 2 (N = 240), we examined how power and individual differences (e.g., personality, hormones) affected leader corruption over time; power interacted with endogenous testosterone in predicting corruption, which was highest when leader power and baseline testosterone were both high. Honesty predicted initial level of leader antisocial decisions; however, honesty did not shield leaders from the corruptive effect of power. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Science Inc2015

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Cultural Adaptation, Validation, and Psychometric Description of the Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) in the Spanish Population

Maria del Carmen Sandi Perez

Research in psychology and social neuroscience distinguishes between dispositional and situational empathy for the cognitive and affective aspects of empathy. Yet, the Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) is one of the few brief tests focusing on situational affective empathy. This paper describes the adaptation of PET in a two-stage process, consisting of instrument translation and exploratory analysis of the construct in a university student sample, followed by confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric validation in a general population sample (Study 1, N = 79 and Study 2, N = 580). Our results indicate that the Spanish PET version constitutes a single factor structure with high internal consistency as well as high construct stability across genders and across in-person and online test administration setups. We report satisfactory convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Spanish PET, as reported for the original version, in addition to when explored across new dimensions, like the Interpersonal Reactivity Index or in relation to age and prosocial tendencies. Based on the above, we discuss delineation of the distinct components of emotional empathy as measured by the instrument. The work presented supports the use of the Spanish PET version as a brief screening toot for state affective (emotional) empathy.

HOGREFE PUBLISHING CORP2022

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Differential impact of polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII and ST8iaIV knockout on social interaction and aggression

Reto Bisaz, Martina Fantin, Cristina Marquez Vega, Maria del Carmen Sandi Perez

Previous studies using neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) -/- knockout (KO) mice provided evidence for a role of NCAMs in social behaviors. However, polysialic acid (PSA), the most important post-translational modification of NCAM, was also absent in these mice, which makes it difficult to distinguish between the specific involvement of either PSA or NCAM in social interactions. To address this issue, we assessed two lines of mice deficient for one of the two sialyltransferase enzymes required for the polysialylation of NCAM, sialyltransferase-X (St8SiaII or STX) and polysialyltransferase (ST8SiaIV or PST), in a series of tests for social behaviors. Results showed that PST KO mice display a decreased motivation in social interaction. This deficit can be partly explained by olfactory deficits and was associated with a clear decrease in PSA-NCAM expression in all brain regions analyzed (amygdala, septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and frontal cortices). STX KO mice displayed both a decreased social motivation and an increased aggressive behavior that cannot be explained by olfactory deficits. This finding might be related to the reduced anxiety-like behavior, increased locomotion and stress-induced corticosterone secretion observed in these mice. Moreover, STX KO mice showed mild increase of PSA-NCAM expression in the lateral septum and the orbitofrontal cortex. Altogether, these findings support a role for PSA-NCAM in the regulation of social behaviors ranging from a lack of social motivation to aggression. They also underscore STX KO mice as an interesting animal model that combines a behavioral profile of violence and hyperactivity with reduced anxiety-like behavior.

Wiley-Blackwell2010

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Morale

vignette|« Comment l'état de pauvreté peut être agréable » (Diogène dans son tonneau et Cratès renonçant à la richesse pour la vertu). Extrait du Livre des bonnes mœurs de Jacques Legrand, Jacobus Mag

Agression

Le terme agression dérive du latin adgredi signifiant , , . Le mot désigne d'une manière générale tout comportement, d'attaque ou d'opposition, non provoqué qui s'exprime avec violence et brutalité.

Empathie

alt=|vignette|redresse|La plupart des êtres humains, dès l'enfance, sont doués d'empathie, notamment face à la douleur physique ou morale éprouvée par autrui. L'empathie est la reconnaissance et la c