Lanthanide | EPFL Graph Search

Les lanthanides sont une famille du tableau périodique comprenant les allant du lanthane () au lutécium (). Avec le scandium et l'yttrium, ces éléments font partie des terres rares. Ils tirent leur nom du lanthane, premier de la famille, en raison de leurs propriétés chimiques très semblables à ce dernier, du moins pour les plus légers d'entre eux. On les désigne parfois sous le symbole chimique collectif Ln, qui représente alors n'importe quel lanthanide. Ce sont tous des éléments du , hormis le lutécium, qui appartient au . Ils forment tous des cations trivalents Ln dont la chimie est très largement déterminée par leur rayon ionique, qui décroît régulièrement du lanthane au lutécium. Propriétés générales Ce sont des métaux brillants avec un éclat argenté qui ternit rapidement lorsqu'ils sont exposés à l'air libre. Ils sont de moins en moins mous au fur et à mesure que leur numéro atomique augmente. Leur température de fusion et leur température d'ébullition sont plus

Heterobimetallic lanthanide helicates

Thomas Binderup Jensen

Based on the ligand LAB the new heterobitopic ligands LAB2, LAB3, LAB4 and LAB5 have been designed and synthesised. The five ligands were designed to selectively form heterobimetallic complexes of composition LnLn'(L)36 when reacted with a pair of lanthanide ions Ln(ClO4)3 and Ln'(ClO4)3 in solution. The benzimidazole-pyridine-benzimidazole (bpb) moiety codes for the larger and softer lanthanide ions, while the benzimidazole-pyridine-amide (bpa) moiety codes for the smaller and harder ions of the lanthanide series. When reacted with 1/3 equivalent La3+ and 1/3 equivalent Lu3+ LAB forms in excess of 90 % [LnLn'(L)3]6+, the percentage being lower for pairs of lanthanide ions closer in size. The substituents on the new ligands modify the hardness of the nitrogen atom of the pyridyl group. The electron donating NEt2 group in LAB2 increases the hardness of the bpa group, which should improve the selectivity of the ligand. A similar improvement was expected for LAB5 in which the electron withdrawing Cl substituent makes the bpb moiety of the ligand softer. The two other new ligands LAB3 and LAB4 were, based on similar arguments, not expected to exhibit improved selectivity and were synthesised for comparison. Due to the tendency of LAB2 and LAB5 to form high proportions of HHT (Head-Head-Tail) isomers their selectivity turned out to be lower than anticipated. The proportion of heterobimetallic complexes reaches only 65 and 92 %, respectively, for the LaLu couple of lanthanides. The ligands LAB3 and LAB4, as expected, also give lower yields (up to 87 and 79 %) of heterobimetallic complexes. To investigate the details of the Head-Head-Head/Head-Head-Tail equilibrium variable temperature NMR measurements were carried out and the H and S values were determined for 26 different complexes. It was found that the equilibria were characterised by a subtle interplay of enthalpic and entropic effects, with the two isomers differing only by a few kJ/mol. Structures of five complexes of LAB3 were determined by X-ray diffraction. The structures contain molecular ions of composition [LnLn'(L)3]6+ in which the three ligand strands are wrapped around the two lanthanide ions in a helical fashion. To obtain information about the structure of the complexes in solution analysis of the lanthanide induced paramagnetic shift has been carried out. The so-called one proton analysis showed that contributions from two paramagnetic lanthanide ions in the same complex are additive. Extraction of structural factors demonstrated that the complexes of all the ligands are isostructural in solution. Comparison with the X-ray data proved that the solid state structures are maintained in solution. Finally, a modified one proton analysis has been devised to separate contact and pseudo contact shifts while taking into account the variation of the crystal field parameter B20 along the lanthanide series.

EPFL2006

Lanthanide NIR luminescence for telecommunications, bioanalyses and solar energy conversion

Svetlana Eliseeva

Present-day advanced technologies heavily rely on the exciting magnetic and spectroscopic properties of lanthanide ions. In particular, their ability to generate well-characterized and intense near-infrared (NIR) luminescence is exploited in any modern fiber-optic telecommunication network. In this feature article, we first summarize the whereabouts underlying the design of highly luminescent NIR molecular edifices and materials. We then focus on describing the main trends in three applications related to this spectral range: telecommunications, biosciences, and solar energy conversion. In telecommunications, efforts concentrate presently on getting easily processable polymer-based waveguide amplifiers. Upconversion nanophosphors emitting in the visible after NIR excitation are now ubiquitous in many bioanalyses while their application to bio-imaging is still in its early stages; however, highly sensitive NIR-NIR systems start to be at hand for both in vitro and in vivo imaging, as well as dual probes combining magnetic resonance and optical imaging. Finally, both silicon-based and dye-sensitized solar cells benefit from the downconversion and upconversion capabilities of lanthanide ions to harvest UV and NIR solar light and to boost the overall quantum efficiency of these next-generation devices.

2010

Enantiopure helical (supra)molecular arrays containing lanthanides

Marco Antonio Lama

The diastereoselective synthesis of chiral coordination compounds with d metals proved the effectiveness of the pinene-bipyridine approach in predetermining the chirality at the metal centre. The strong Lewis acidic character of lanthanide cations required the modification of this class of ligands in order to adapt their coordination properties to the binding affinity of Ln(III) toward hard donor atoms like oxygen. The pinene bipyridine carboxylic derivative (+)-L- (figure 1) has been designed and synthesized to form configurationally stable lanthanide complexes. This ligand proved its effectiveness as chiral building block for the synthesis of oligometallic supramolecular structures. Indeed a self-assembly process takes place with complete diastereoselectivity between the enantiomerically pure (-) or (+) L- and Ln(III) ions (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) in methanol, giving rise to trinuclear enantiopure structures with general formula Ln3(L)6(µ3-OH)(H2O)32 , possessing predetermined helical chirality. The ligands in this case display a new version of supramolecular helical chirality since they are wrapping around a trimetallic core instead of one single metal centre. The same components afford a second polynuclear structure if the reaction is carried out in CH3CN. In this medium a three-dimensional tetranuclear array self-assembles (with general formula Ln4(L)9(µ3-OH)2). The nine ligands are forming three distinct helical domains, two supramolecular as in the case of the trinuclear array and one classical around a single metal centre, with predetermined configuration. The two classes of compounds have been structurally characterized in solid state (X-ray and IR) and in solution (ES-MS, NMR). Their chiroptical properties were investigated by means of Circular Dichroism and Circularly Polarized Luminescence (for the emitting compounds). Trinuclear and tetranuclear arrays are shown to interconvert in CH3CN, in a process mediated by water. This process was rationalized taking into account the nature of the Ln(III) ions, the initial concentration of the components and the addition or removal of water in solution. The availability of both the enantiomers of the ligand prompted us to study the self-recognition capabilities of the two systems. 1H-NMR and CD studies reveal an almost complete chiral recognition in the self-assembly leading to the trinuclear complex. The process leading to tetranuclear species appears instead perturbed, probably due to the higher number of fundamental components involved (4 metals and 9 ligands instead of 3 metals and 6 ligands). Figure 1: Reaction conditions leading to the synthesis of trinuclear and tetranuclear Ln(III) complexes with ligand (+)-L-. The introduction of a carboxylic moiety onto the 6' posititon of the (-)-5,6- and (-)-4,5- pinene bipyridine lead to the tridentate ligands (-)-HL1 and (-)-HL2, respectively. Mononuclear neutral complexes are obtained upon reaction with Ln(ClO4)3. Different extents of diastereoselectivity are pointed out in the two systems by X-ray analysis and CD spectroscopy. In particular the ligand (-)-HL1, in which the pinene moiety is next to the binding site, seems to be more effective in predetermining the configuration at the metal centre. A low diastereoselectivity is instead expressed in the reactions with (-)-HL2 as revealed by the X-ray structure of [Pr{(-)-L2}3] (both Δ and Λ isomers detected) and by the CD spectrum void of signal.

EPFL2006

Enantiopure helical (supra)molecular arrays containing lanthanides

Marco Antonio Lama

EPFL2006

Heterobimetallic lanthanide helicates

Thomas Binderup Jensen

EPFL2006