Asie de l'Est

Résumé

L'Asie de l'Est (ou Asie orientale) est une région d'Asie, comprenant : la Chine, la Corée (Corée du Nord et Corée du Sud), le Japon, la Mongolie (parfois rattachée à l'Asie centrale), Taïwan, éventuellement le Viêt Nam et Singapour, pour des raisons culturelles (ces pays sont plus généralement rattachés à l'Asie du Sud-Est pour leur position géographique), l'Extrême-Orient russe peut aussi être rattaché à cette région. Elle est couramment associée à la notion d'Extrême-Orient. Histoire La Chine a été la première région colonisée en Asie de l'Est et a sans aucun doute été le noyau de la civilisation est-asiatique à partir duquel se sont formées les autres parties de l'Asie de l'Est. Les diverses autres régions d'Asie de l'Est ont été sélectives dans les influences chinoises qu'elles ont adoptées dans leurs coutumes locales. L'historien Ping-ti Ho a qualifié la civilisation chinoise de « berceau de la civilisation orientale », parallèlement au « berceau de la civilisation

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A high-resolution HLA reference panel capturing global population diversity enables multi-ancestry fine-mapping in HIV host response

Jacques Fellay, Xinyi Li, Yang Luo, John Wilson

A high-resolution reference panel based on whole-genome sequencing data enables accurate imputation of HLA alleles across diverse populations and fine-mapping of HLA association signals for HIV-1 host response. Fine-mapping to plausible causal variation may be more effective in multi-ancestry cohorts, particularly in the MHC, which has population-specific structure. To enable such studies, we constructed a large (n = 21,546) HLA reference panel spanning five global populations based on whole-genome sequences. Despite population-specific long-range haplotypes, we demonstrated accurate imputation at G-group resolution (94.2%, 93.7%, 97.8% and 93.7% in admixed African (AA), East Asian (EAS), European (EUR) and Latino (LAT) populations). Applying HLA imputation to genome-wide association study data for HIV-1 viral load in three populations (EUR, AA and LAT), we obviated effects of previously reported associations from population-specific HIV studies and discovered a novel association at position 156 in HLA-B. We pinpointed the MHC association to three amino acid positions (97, 67 and 156) marking three consecutive pockets (C, B and D) within the HLA-B peptide-binding groove, explaining 12.9% of trait variance.

NATURE PORTFOLIO2021

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Leprosy, a highly disabling and stigmatizing infectious disease, is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and the newly discovered agent, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Though treatable with antibiotics, leprosy has still not been eradicated, and around 200,000 new cases are reported every year worldwide, mainly in India, Brazil, and Indonesia. Tipping the balance towards leprosy elimination begins with improving our understanding of the pathogenesis and the transmission of the disease, which remains poorly understood. Current research on leprosy is markedly hindered by our incapacity to cultivate the leprosy bacilli on artificial media, as well as by the variation of the clinical forms of the disease. The rise of genomics in the 2000s has helped to get around these problems by opening new ways of studying organisms. Tools were developed to recover enough genetic material for downstream genomic applications; however, none of them is yet suitable for high throughput purposes. In this thesis, we describe an optimized DNA extraction method from skin tissue that allows direct whole-genome sequencing, and enabled us to obtain ~ 250 genome sequences of M. leprae from different geographical locations throughout the world. Firstly, this dataset deepened our insight into the phylogeny of M. leprae, and points to the ancestral strain originating in East Asia and/or Europe. In addition, analysis of more than twenty drug-resistant strains revealed mutations in candidate genes potentially associated with new biological mechanisms such as drug resistance. Moreover, we analysed isolates from restricted geographic areas and from recurrent cases, and show that the distinction between relapse and reinfection with a closely related strain can be made but this remains challenging. The whole genome sequencing of M. lepromatosis was achieved in 2015, and the discovery and use of new specific molecular detection methods allowed us to identify M. lepromatosis in the red squirrel population in the British Isles. In parallel, M. leprae was also discovered in red squirrels on Brownsea Island in the south of England. Though the risk of transmission from animals to humans is not yet clear, the discovery of a new animal reservoir for leprosy bacilli in a non-endemic country raises the question about the existence of other such reservoirs, especially in endemic countries, which could contribute to ongoing transmission. Reliable and sensitive methods for detection of leprosy bacilli are crucial for early diagnosis and monitoring the disease. We show that efficient cell lysis during extraction increases the yield of genetic material recovered from leprosy bacilli and significantly improves the sensitivity of diagnosis by PCR for all leprosy forms. Overall, our results highlight the impact and efficiency of genomics and whole genome sequencing for uncovering new biological mechanisms in unculturable bacteria such as the leprosy bacilli. Our results generated new hypotheses that await testing, and underline the massive potential of omics and bioinformatics for better understanding and fighting the disease.

EPFL2018

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Incorporating an advanced aerosol activation parameterization into WRF-CAM5: Model evaluation and parameterization intercomparison

Athanasios Nenes, Xiuwei Zhang, Yi Zhang

Aerosol activation into cloud droplets is an important process that governs aerosol indirect effects. The advanced treatment of aerosol activation by Fountoukis and Nenes (2005) and its recent updates, collectively called the FN series, have been incorporated into a newly developed regional coupled climate-air quality model based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model with the physics package of the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (WRF-CAM5) to simulate aerosol-cloud interactions in both resolved and convective clouds. The model is applied to East Asia for two full years of 2005 and 2010. A comprehensive model evaluation is performed for model predictions of meteorological, radiative, and cloud variables, chemical concentrations, and column mass abundances against satellite data and surface observations from air quality monitoring sites across East Asia. The model performs overall well for major meteorological variables including near-surface temperature, specific humidity, wind speed, precipitation, cloud fraction, precipitable water, downward shortwave and longwave radiation, and column mass abundances of CO, SO2, NO2, HCHO, and O3 in terms of both magnitudes and spatial distributions. Larger biases exist in the predictions of surface concentrations of CO and NOx at all sites and SO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations at some sites, aerosol optical depth, cloud condensation nuclei over ocean, cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), cloud liquid and ice water path, and cloud optical thickness. Compared with the default Abdul-Razzack Ghan (2000) parameterization, simulations with the FN series produce ~107-113% higher CDNC, with half of the difference attributable to the higher aerosol activation fraction by the FN series and the remaining half due to feedbacks in subsequent cloud microphysical processes. With the higher CDNC, the FN series are more skillful in simulating cloud water path, cloud optical thickness, downward shortwave radiation, shortwave cloud forcing, and precipitation. The model evaluation identifies several areas of improvements including emissions and their vertical allocation as well as model formulations such as aerosol formation, cloud droplet nucleation, and ice nucleation. © 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Wiley-Blackwell2015

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