Locomotive à vapeur

Résumé

vignette|Locomotive 41 018 du Deutsche Reichsbahn vignette|Locomotive 242 A 1 de la SNCF. vignette|Locomotives, par E. A. Schefer Une locomotive à vapeur est un type de locomotive, c'est un engin moteur pour les chemins de fer, mu par une machine à vapeur. Ce type de moteur thermique est le plus couramment utilisé, de la naissance du chemin de fer jusque dans les années 1950. Il reste toujours employé très localement dans certains pays au , notamment pour des trains touristiques ou dans l'industrie minière vu que le carburant y est localement disponible à bas coût. Désormais, la plupart des trains sont cependant tractés par des locomotives électriques ou thermiques (Diesel), ou bien sont constitués par des rames automotrices, ou des autorails, parfois indivisibles, intégrant la motorisation répartie sous les véhicules et/ou à l'intérieur des caisses. Histoire Histoire des chemins de fer vignette|Locomotive de Trevithick (1804), premier succès d'une locomotive à vapeur

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_%C3%A0_vapeur

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Introducing a preliminary Consists Selection in the Locomotive Assignment Problem

Michel Bierlaire, Prem Kumar, Francesco Piu

The Locomotive Assignment Problem (LAP) is a class of planning and scheduling problems solved by assigning a fleet of locomotives to a network of trains. In the planning versions of the LAP, the type of consist (a group of linked locomotives) assigned to each train in a given schedule is determined. We introduce an optimization model (called consists selection) that precedes the planning LAP solution and determines the set of consist types. This selection leads to solutions that are characterized by potential savings in terms of overall fueling cost and are easier to handle in the routing phase. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Elsevier2015

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A Mathematical Model for the Locomotive Refueling Problem

Prem Kumar

This problem corresponds to refueling locomotives at different station yards during the course of its journey. Locomotive tanks have a fixed fuel capacity and prices of fuel vary across yards. In addition, there is a fixed cost for hiring a refueling truck at a yard and every refueling stop that the locomotive makes. Locomotives can power different train sets during a cyclical planning horizon running 14 days. The objective of this exercise is to minimize the total fuel costs fixed and operational for a given set of locomotives, trains and yards. In addition, there are numerous constraints relating to refueling, locomotive tank capacity, refueling truck capacity etc. This problem has similarity to the network flow problem. We formulate this problem as a Mixed Integer Program (MIP) and present our experience in the following sections.

2010

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Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) can convert excess electricity to valuable fuels in electrolysis cell mode (SOEC) and reverse the reaction in fuel cell mode (SOFC). In this work, a five - cell rSOC short stack, integrating fuel electrode (Ni-YSZ) supported solid oxide cells (Ni-YSZ parallel to YSZ vertical bar CGO parallel to LSC-CGO) with an active area of 100 cm(2), is tested for cyclic durability. The fuel electrode gases of H-2/N-2:50/50 and H-2/H2O:20/80 in SOFC and SOEC mode, respectively, are used during the 35 reversible operations. The voltage degradation of the rSOC is 1.64% kh(-1) and 0.65% kh(-1) in SOFC and SOEC mode, respectively, with fuel and steam utilisation of 52%. The post-cycle steady-state SOEC degradation of 0.74% kh(-1) suggests improved lifetime during rSOC conditions. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis suggests charge transfer through the fuel electrode is responsible for the observed degradation. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC.

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD2022

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