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Concepts associés (60)
Élections fédérales australiennes de 2007
Les élections fédérales australiennes de 2007 ont eu lieu le samedi . Elles virent la défaite des conservateurs menés par le Premier ministre sortant John Howard et la victoire du parti travailliste australien conduit par Kevin Rudd, après onze ans de domination des conservateurs. Les élections fédérales en Australie, qui connaît le système du bicaméralisme, concernent la Chambre des Représentants, composée de 150 membres, un élu par circonscription géographique et le Sénat, composé de 76 sénateurs, élus à la représentation proportionnelle.
Plurality block voting
Plurality block voting, also known as plurality-at-large voting, bloc vote or block voting (BV) is a non-proportional voting system for electing representatives in multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number of seats to be filled. The usual result when the candidates divide into parties is that the most popular party in the district sees its full slate of candidates elected in a seemingly landslide victory.
Majority rule
Majority rule is the principle that the group that has the most supporters gets its way. A majority is more than half of the voters involved, and rule by such a majority is thought to be to the benefit of more than rule by less than half (a mere minority) would be. Majority rule is the binary decision rule most often used in decision-making bodies, including many legislatures of democratic nations. Where no one party wins a majority of the seats in a legislature, the majority of legislators that wields power is partly composed of members of other parties in support.
Consistency criterion
A voting system is consistent if, whenever the electorate is divided (arbitrarily) into several parts and elections in those parts garner the same result, then an election of the entire electorate also garners that result. Smith calls this property separability and Woodall calls it convexity. It has been proven a ranked voting system is "consistent if and only if it is a scoring function", i.e. a positional voting system. Borda count is an example of this. The failure of the consistency criterion can be seen as an example of Simpson's paradox.
Vote utile
Le vote utile est le fait de voter pour un candidat ayant supposément plus de chances d'être élu plutôt que pour celui que l'on préfère. Ce phénomène aurait pour effet d'empêcher un candidat tiers de remporter l'élection. C'est un type de vote stratégique. Le vote utile consiste à renoncer à son vote de cœur pour préférer un candidat qui paraît à la fois plus susceptible de gagner et le moins éloigné de ses préférences politiques.
Plurality voting
Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which a candidate(s), who poll more than any other counterpart (that is, receive a plurality), are elected. In systems based on single-member districts, it elects just one member per district and may also be referred to as first-past-the-post (FPTP), single-member plurality (SMP/SMDP), single-choice voting (an imprecise term as non-plurality voting systems may also use a single choice), simple plurality or relative majority (as opposed to an absolute majority, where more than half of votes is needed, this is called majority voting).
Bipartisme
Au sein des régimes démocratiques, le bipartisme est une variante particulière du multipartisme qui peut s'expliquer par différentes causes agissant de façon séparée ou combinée : deux partis obtiennent régulièrement et de façon alternative des majorités absolues au Parlement leur permettant de gouverner et de se succéder à la tête du gouvernement ; les modalités de scrutin aux élections législatives et présidentielles (notamment le scrutin majoritaire) contribuent fortement -sinon imposent- une bipolarisat
Independence of clones criterion
In voting systems theory, the independence of clones criterion measures an election method's robustness to strategic nomination. Nicolaus Tideman was the first to formulate this criterion, which states that the winner must not change due to the addition of a non-winning candidate who is similar to a candidate already present. To be more precise, a subset of the candidates, called a set of clones, exists if no voter ranks any candidate outside the set between (or equal to) any candidates that are in the set.
Théorie du choix social
La théorie du choix social est un domaine multidisciplinaire lié aux thématiques de l'économie, de la théorie de la décision et de la théorie politique. Elle vise l'étude et l'analyse de la manière dont la combinaison d'opinions individuelles peut mener, au niveau collectif (ou social) à un classement des choix possibles, voire à une décision unique. Cette théorie a donc pour champ d'application d'une part les questions d'évaluation des choix collectifs (aspect normatif) et d'autre part l'analyse des procédures de choix (aspect positif).
Monotonicity criterion
The monotonicity criterion is a voting system criterion used to evaluate both single and multiple winner ranked voting systems. A ranked voting system is monotonic if it is neither possible to prevent the election of a candidate by ranking them higher on some of the ballots, nor possible to elect an otherwise unelected candidate by ranking them lower on some of the ballots (while nothing else is altered on any ballot). That is to say, in single winner elections no winner is harmed by up-ranking and no loser is helped by down-ranking.