Noncommutative quantum field theoryIn mathematical physics, noncommutative quantum field theory (or quantum field theory on noncommutative spacetime) is an application of noncommutative mathematics to the spacetime of quantum field theory that is an outgrowth of noncommutative geometry and index theory in which the coordinate functions are noncommutative. One commonly studied version of such theories has the "canonical" commutation relation: which means that (with any given set of axes), it is impossible to accurately measure the position of a particle with respect to more than one axis.
BraneDans la théorie des cordes, une brane, ou p-brane, est un objet étendu, dynamique, possédant une énergie sous forme de tension sur son volume d'univers, qui est une charge source pour certaines interactions de la même façon qu'une particule chargée, telle l'électron par exemple, est une source pour l'interaction électromagnétique. Dans le langage des branes, une particule chargée est appelée une 0-brane (0 dimension spatiale et 1 dimension temporelle).
Extra dimensionsIn physics, extra dimensions are proposed additional space or time dimensions beyond the (3 + 1) typical of observed spacetime, such as the first attempts based on the Kaluza–Klein theory. Among theories proposing extra dimensions are: Large extra dimension, mostly motivated by the ADD model, by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos, and Gia Dvali in 1998, in an attempt to solve the hierarchy problem. This theory requires that the fields of the Standard Model are confined to a four-dimensional membrane, while gravity propagates in several additional spatial dimensions that are large compared to the Planck scale.
Large extra dimensionsIn particle physics and string theory (M-theory), the ADD model, also known as the model with large extra dimensions (LED), is a model framework that attempts to solve the hierarchy problem. (Why is the force of gravity so weak compared to the electromagnetic force and the other fundamental forces?) The model tries to explain this problem by postulating that our universe, with its four dimensions (three spatial ones plus time), exists on a membrane in a higher dimensional space.
Theodor KaluzaTheodor Franz Eduard Kaluza (Wilhelmsthal (auj. Kobyla), district de Ratibor, - Göttingen, ) est un physicien et mathématicien allemand. Il est connu pour avoir été l'un des premiers physiciens à imaginer une théorie avec des dimensions supplémentaires dans l'univers. Son nom est souvent évoqué en introduction à la théorie des cordes. Kaluza est issu d'une famille de catholiques allemands de Haute-Silésie. Il grandit à Kœnigsberg en Prusse Orientale, où son père enseignait l'histoire de la littérature anglaise.
S-dualityIn theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations in theoretical physics because it relates a theory in which calculations are difficult to a theory in which they are easier. In quantum field theory, S-duality generalizes a well established fact from classical electrodynamics, namely the invariance of Maxwell's equations under the interchange of electric and magnetic fields.
U-dualityIn physics, U-duality (short for unified duality) is a symmetry of string theory or M-theory combining S-duality and T-duality transformations. The term is most often met in the context of the "U-duality (symmetry) group" of M-theory as defined on a particular background space (topological manifold). This is the union of all the S-duality and T-duality available in that topology. The narrow meaning of the word "U-duality" is one of those dualities that can be classified neither as an S-duality, nor as a T-duality - a transformation that exchanges a large geometry of one theory with the strong coupling of another theory, for example.
Matrix theory (physics)In theoretical physics, the matrix theory is a quantum mechanical model proposed in 1997 by Tom Banks, Willy Fischler, Stephen Shenker, and Leonard Susskind; it is also known as BFSS matrix model, after the authors' initials. This theory describes the behavior of a set of nine large matrices. In their original paper, these authors showed, among other things, that the low energy limit of this matrix model is described by eleven-dimensional supergravity. These calculations led them to propose that the BFSS matrix model is exactly equivalent to M-theory.
Leonard SusskindLeonard Susskind, né le à New York, est un physicien américain qui occupe la chaire Felix Bloch de physique théorique à l'université Stanford, et qui est directeur du Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics. Ses domaines de recherche incluent la théorie des cordes, la théorie quantique des champs, la mécanique quantique statistique et la cosmologie quantique. Il est membre de la National Academy of Sciences, de l'American Academy of Arts and Sciences, est membre associé de la Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics de la Faculté du Canada et professeur distingué de la Korea Institute for Advanced Study.
Foundations of PhysicsFoundations of Physics est une revue scientifique mensuelle internationale à comité de lecture publiée par Springer. Le facteur d'impact en 2015 est 1,018. Elle est destinée à la publication d'articles sur les fondements logiques, méthodologiques et philosophiques des théories modernes de la physique. Les sujets traités concernent la mécanique quantique, la théorie des champs, la relativité, la théorie des cordes, la cosmologie, la thermodynamique, la physique statistique et la gravité quantique.
