Moelle allongée

Résumé

vignette|Vue tridimensionnelle de la moelle allongée (en rouge). La moelle allongée (ou medulla oblongata, aussi appelée bulbe rachidien en ancienne nomenclature ou myélencéphale) est la partie inférieure du tronc cérébral (la plus caudale) chez les chordés. Elle prolonge en haut la moelle spinale et se situe en avant du cervelet dans la fosse postérieure du crâne. Elle est en continuité en haut avec le pont. Dans l'ancienne nomenclature, on remarque que le terme « rachidien » est un composé de « rachis », du grec ancien ῥάχις (rakhis) « épine dorsale » (élargi par analogie avec des mots de radical en -id-). Cette moelle allongée est percée d'un conduit permettant la circulation du liquide céphalorachidien, ce conduit étant en continuité avec le en haut et le canal de l'épendyme en bas. Structures neurologiques

Olive bulbaire
Formation réticulée
Nerf glossopharyngien (IX)
Nerf vague (ou pneumo-gastrique) (X)
Nerf accessoire (ou spinal) (XI)
Nerf hypoglosse (

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moelle_allong%C3%A9e

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Brainstem Correlates of a Cold Pressor Test Measured by Ultra-High Field fMRI

Sandra Elisabete Borges da Costa, Domenica Bueti, Fatma Megdiche, Olivier Benoit Thomas Reynaud, Dimitri Nestor Alice Van De Ville

Introduction Modern imaging techniques such as blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allow the non-invasive and indirect measurement of brain activity. Whether changes in signal intensity can be detected in small brainstem regions during a cold pressor test (CPT) has not been explored thoroughly. The aim of this study was to measure whole brain and brainstem BOLD signal intensity changes in response to a modified CPT. Methods BOLD fMRI was measured in healthy normotensive participants during a randomized crossover study (modified CPT vs. control test) using ultra-high field 7 Tesla MRI scanner. Data were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) in a whole-brain approach, and with a brainstem-specific analysis using the spatially unbiased infra-tentorial template (SUIT) toolbox. Blood pressure (BP) and hormonal responses (norepinephrine and epinephrine levels) were also measured. Paired t-test statistics were used to compare conditions. Results Eleven participants (six women, mean age 28 +/- 8.9 years) were analyzed. Mean arterial BP increased from 83 +/- 12 mm Hg to 87 +/- 12 mm Hg (p = 0.0009) during the CPT. Whole-brain analysis revealed significant activations linked to the CPT in the right supplementary motor cortex, midcingulate (bilateral) and the right anterior insular cortex. The brainstem-specific analysis showed significant activations in the dorsal medulla. Conclusion Changes in BOLD fMRI signal intensity in brainstem regions during a CPT can be detected, and show an increased response during a cold stress in healthy volunteers. Consequently, BOLD fMRI at 7T is a promising tool to explore and acquire new insights in the comprehension of neurogenic hypertension.

2020

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The medulla oblongata (MO) contains a high density of glycinergic synapses and a particularly high concentration of glycine The aims of this study were to measure directly in vivo the neurochemical profile, including glycine, in MO using a spin-echo-based H-1 MRS sequence at TE = 2 8 ms and to compare it with three other brain regions (cortex, striatum and hippocampus) in the rat Glycine was quantified in MO at TE = 2 8 ms with a Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRIB) of approximately 5% As a result of the relatively low level of glycine in the other three regions, the measurement of glycine was performed at TE = 20 ms, which provides a favorable J-modulation of overlapping myo-inositol resonance The other 14 metabolites composing the neurochemical profile were quantified in vivo in MO with CRLBs below 25% Absolute concentrations of metabolites in MO, such as glutamate, glutamine, gamma-aminobutyrate, taurine and glycine, were in the range of previous in vitro quantifications in tissue extracts Compared with the other regions, MO had a three-fold higher glycine concentration, and was characterised by reduced (p < 0 001) concentrations of glutamate (-50 +/- 4%), glutamine (-54 +/- 3%) and taurine (-78 +/- 3%) This study suggests that the functional specialisation of distinct brain regions is reflected in the neurochemical profile Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Wiley-Blackwell2010

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Glycine Tissue Level in Medulla Oblongata Measured in vivo with 1H MRS at 9.4 T in Rat Brain

João Miguel das Neves Duarte, Giulio Gambarota, Rolf Gruetter, Lijing Xin

2009

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