Automatism (law)In criminal law, automatism is a rarely used criminal defence. It is one of the mental condition defences that relate to the mental state of the defendant. Automatism can be seen variously as lack of voluntariness, lack of culpability (unconsciousness) or excuse. Automatism means that the defendant was not aware of his or her actions when making the particular movements that constituted the illegal act. For example, Esther Griggs in 1858 threw her child out of a first floor window believing that the house was on fire, while having a sleep terror.
Liste de codes juridiquesEn droit, un code est un recueil de lois ou de règles juridiques (code d'honneur) définies par un groupe, une société, un métier, un État. L'origine du mot code provient de sa polysémie : c'est une extension du sens du mot codex. Code de Hammurabi et code d'Ur-Nammu Corpus juris civilis, comprenant notamment le Code justinien ou Code de Justinien (commandé par Justinien , empereur d'Orient), qui rassemble le droit romain Code de Théodose ou théodosien Code Henri de 1609 Code Marillac de 1614 Code Michau Code Louis (1677) Code du commerce de 1673.
RaisonnableEn droit, l'adjectif raisonnable est couramment utilisé lorsque le législateur souhaite recourir à une norme objective. La norme objective consiste à juger en fonction d'une personne raisonnable, en déterminant si une personne raisonnable placée dans la même situation croirait au caractère raisonnable de ce qui est visé par une disposition législative. Puisque dans un procès, le juge est la personne appelée à juger, ultimement la notion de « personne raisonnable » renvoie à la personne du juge.
Battery (crime)Battery is a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault, which is the act of creating apprehension of such contact. Battery is a specific common law offense, although the term is used more generally to refer to any unlawful offensive physical contact with another person. Battery is defined by American common law as "any unlawful and or unwanted touching of the person of another by the aggressor, or by a substance put in motion by them".
Vol (droit)Le vol est une infraction pénale qui consiste à s'approprier frauduleusement un bien mobilier appartenant à autrui. Le vol semble remonter à l'origine de l'humanité. De tous temps et dans toutes les civilisations, il est reconnu et à la fois commis et puni. Il se manifeste par exemple, sur terre, par le grand banditisme, et sur mer, par la piraterie. Des invasions ont eu comme motivation le pillage des peuples voisins. Des batailles meurtrières sont des expéditions punitives en représailles.
Absolute liabilityAbsolute liability is a standard of legal liability found in tort and criminal law of various legal jurisdictions. To be convicted of an ordinary crime, in certain jurisdictions, a person must not only have committed a criminal action but also have had a deliberate intention or guilty mind (mens rea). In a crime of strict or absolute liability, a person could be guilty even if there was no intention to commit a crime. The difference between strict and absolute liability is whether the defence of a “mistake of fact” is available: in a crime of absolute liability, a mistake of fact is not a defence.
Causation (law)Causation is the "causal relationship between the defendant's conduct and end result". In other words, causation provides a means of connecting conduct with a resulting effect, typically an injury. In criminal law, it is defined as the actus reus (an action) from which the specific injury or other effect arose and is combined with mens rea (a state of mind) to comprise the elements of guilt. Causation only applies where a result has been achieved and therefore is immaterial with regard to inchoate offenses.
Insouciance (droit pénal)En droit pénal canadien, l'insouciance est un degré de subjective qui implique d'agir consciemment malgré l'existence du risque injustifié que l'infraction soit commise. Dans la mens rea subjective, l'insouciance se distingue de l'intention en raison de l'ampleur du risque qui est pris. De plus, le degré de culpabilité morale de la personne insouciante n'atteint pas le niveau où la personne aurait le désir des conséquences (ce qui serait bien sûr plus coupable).
Intention (criminal law)In criminal law, intent is a subjective state of mind (mens rea) that must accompany the acts of certain crimes to constitute a violation. A more formal, generally synonymous legal term is scienter: intent or knowledge of wrongdoing. Intent is defined in English law by the ruling in R v Mohan [1976] QB 1 as "the decision to bring about a prohibited consequence" (malum prohibitum). A range of words represents shades of intent in criminal laws around the world.
Criminal conspiracyIn criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime at some time in the future. Criminal law in some countries or for some conspiracies may require that at least one overt act be undertaken in furtherance of that agreement, to constitute an offense. There is no limit to the number participating in the conspiracy and, in most countries, the plan itself is the crime, so there is no requirement that any steps have been taken to put the plan into effect (compare attempts which require proximity to the full offense).
