Sénat des PhilippinesLe Sénat des Philippines (Senado ng Pilipinas ; Senate of the Philippines) est la chambre haute du Congrès des Philippines. Il est avec la Chambre des représentants chargé du pouvoir législatif. Cette structure bicamérale est directement inspirée des États-Unis. Créé en 1916, le Sénat est temporairement supprimé deux fois dans son histoire : de 1935 à 1940 lors de l'instauration du Commonwealth des Philippines, et de 1972 à 1987 sous la dictature de Marcos ; il ne fonctionne également pas de 1942 à 1945 sous l'occupation japonaise.
Instrument de ratificationUn instrument de ratification est une lettre par laquelle un chef d'État ou une autorité compétente confirme la signature que son plénipotentiaire a apposée au bas d'un document valant accord avec un pays étranger. Le dépôt de l'instrument de ratification valide en général de façon définitive un traité international. Ce dépôt est officialisé physiquement à un endroit commun aux signataires de l'instrument de ratification.
Committee of the wholeA committee of the whole is a meeting of a legislative or deliberative assembly using procedural rules that are based on those of a committee, except that in this case the committee includes all members of the assembly. As with other (standing) committees, the activities of a committee of the whole are limited to considering and making recommendations on matters that the assembly has referred to it; it cannot take up other matters or vote directly on the assembly's business.
AdjournmentIn parliamentary procedure, an adjournment ends a meeting. It could be done using a motion to adjourn. A time for another meeting could be set using the motion to fix the time to which to adjourn. Adjournment in contemplation of dismissal and ContinuanceIn law, to adjourn means to suspend proceedings to another time or place, or to end them. In deliberative assemblies, an adjournment ends a meeting. Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), if no time or method has been fixed to reconvene the assembly, the adjournment has the effect of dissolving the body.
Article V de la Constitution des États-UnisL'article V de la Constitution des États-Unis décrit comment la constitution peut être modifiée. Article Un du premier Bill of Rights (à propos de la chambre des représentants, 1789) Amendement sur les titres de noblesse (déchéance de nationalité pour les prétendants à un titre de noblesse étranger, 1810) Amendement Corwin (anti-abolitionniste, 1861) Amendement sur le travail des enfants (interdisant le travail des enfants, 1924) Amendement Blaine Amendements en faveur de la ségrégation (1871, 1913, 1928) Amendement Bricker Selon Michael Lind, l'article V a été conçu de façon à empêcher qu'un amendement ne modifie la représentation des petits États au niveau fédéral et notamment au Sénat.
CommitteeA committee or commission is a body of one or more persons subordinate to a deliberative assembly. A committee is not itself considered to be a form of assembly. Usually, the assembly sends matters into a committee as a way to explore them more fully than would be possible if the assembly itself were considering them. Committees may have different functions and their types of work differ depending on the type of the organization and its needs. A member of a legislature may be delegated a committee assignment, which gives them the right to serve on a certain committee.
Motion (parliamentary procedure)In certain countries, a motion in parliamentary procedure is a formal proposal by a member of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action. Such motions, and the form they take are specified by the deliberate assembly and/or a pre-agreed volume detailing parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order; The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure; or Lord Citrine's The ABC of Chairmanship. Motions are used in conducting business in almost all legislative bodies worldwide, and are used in meetings of many church vestries, corporate boards, and fraternal organizations.
Proxy votingProxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence. The representative may be another member of the same body, or external. A person so designated is called a "proxy" and the person designating them is called a "principal". Proxy appointments can be used to form a voting bloc that can exercise greater influence in deliberations or negotiations.
Convention (meeting)A convention, in the sense of a meeting, is a gathering of individuals who meet at an arranged place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest. The most common conventions are based upon industry, profession, and fandom. Trade conventions typically focus on a particular industry or industry segment, and feature keynote speakers, vendor displays, and other information and activities of interest to the event organizers and attendees. Professional conventions focus on issues of concern along with advancements related to the profession.
Congrès de la ConfédérationLe Congrès de la Confédération (en anglais: Congress of the Confederation ou United States in Congress Assembled) fut le gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique du au . Cette institution, qui réunissait les délégués des législatifs des États, était le successeur direct du Second Congrès continental. Ses membres devinrent automatiquement membres du Congrès de la Confédération lorsque celui-ci fut créé après la ratification des Articles de la Confédération.
