Object recognition (cognitive science)

Visual object recognition refers to the ability to identify the objects in view based on visual input. One important signature of visual object recognition is "object invariance", or the ability to identify objects across changes in the detailed context in which objects are viewed, including changes in illumination, object pose, and background context. Neuropsychological evidence affirms that there are four specific stages identified in the process of object recognition. These stages are: Stage 1 Processing of basic object components, such as color, depth, and form. Stage 2 These basic components are then grouped on the basis of similarity, providing information on distinct edges to the visual form. Subsequently, figure-ground segregation is able to take place. Stage 3 The visual representation is matched with structural descriptions in memory. Stage 4 Semantic attributes are applied to the visual representation, providing meaning, and thereby recognition. Within these stages, there are more specific processes that take place to complete the different processing components. In addition, other existing models have proposed integrative hierarchies (top-down and bottom-up), as well as parallel processing, as opposed to this general bottom-up hierarchy. Visual recognition processing is typically viewed as a bottom-up hierarchy in which information is processed sequentially with increasing complexities. During this process, lower-level cortical processors, such as the primary visual cortex, are at the bottom of the hierarchy. Higher-level cortical processors, such as the inferotemporal cortex (IT), are at the top, where visual recognition is facilitated. A highly recognized bottom-up hierarchical theory is James DiCarlo's Untangling description whereby each stage of the hierarchically arranged ventral visual pathway performs operations to gradually transform object representations into an easily extractable format. In contrast, an increasingly popular recognition processing theory, is that of top-down processing.

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L'agnosie est l'incapacité de reconnaître certains stimuli en l'absence de déficits sensoriels primaires comme la cécité ou la surdité par exemple. Il s'agit d'une affection neurologique caractérisée par la perte d'informations qui permettent d'interpréter certains types de sensations reçues. Le sujet atteint perçoit les stimuli, mais ne les traite pas au niveau logique. L'agnosie n'est pas un trouble de la conception, du langage. Il existe plusieurs types d'agnosies selon la modalité sensorielle ou le type de perception qui est affecté (agnosies tactiles, auditives et visuelles).

Associative visual agnosia is a form of visual agnosia. It is an impairment in recognition or assigning meaning to a stimulus that is accurately perceived and not associated with a generalized deficit in intelligence, memory, language or attention. The disorder appears to be very uncommon in a "pure" or uncomplicated form and is usually accompanied by other complex neuropsychological problems due to the nature of the etiology.

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