Coordination (grammaire)En syntaxe, la coordination est un rapport logique, l’un de ceux qui peuvent exister dans une phrase simple et dans une phrase complexe. Les entités coordonnées ont le même rang syntaxique. Dans une phrase simple, ce sont des mots ou des syntagmes qui forment ensemble un constituant multiple. Dans une phrase complexe, ce sont des sous-phrases, des propositions subordonnées à un même régissant ou, plus rarement, un mot ou un syntagme et une proposition, les deux subordonnés à un même régissant.
Phrase structure rulesPhrase structure rules are a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar, proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1957. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts, also known as , including both lexical categories (parts of speech) and phrasal categories. A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar.
Raising (linguistics)In linguistics, raising constructions involve the movement of an argument from an embedded or subordinate clause to a matrix or main clause. In other words, a raising predicate/verb appears with a syntactic argument that is not its semantic argument but rather the semantic argument of an embedded predicate. For example, in they seem to be trying, the predicand of trying is the subject of seem. English has raising constructions, unlike some other languages.
Anaphore (grammaire)En grammaire, une anaphore (du grec ἀναφορά, reprise, rapport) est un mot ou un syntagme qui, dans un énoncé, assure une reprise sémantique d'un précédent segment appelé antécédent. Sans cet antécédent, l'anaphore perd son sens. C’est pourquoi elle doit toujours être liée avec un autre élément dans la phrase. Les anaphores permettent des interprétations principalement locales. On retrouve cependant des preuves d'anaphore ayant un référent plus éloigné dans l'ouvrage de Koster et Reuland (1991).
Théorie du liageEn linguistique, la théorie du liage peut désigner toute théorie ayant pour objet la distribution des éléments pronominaux et anaphoriques. Cette théorie offre des restrictions syntaxiques selon la position du syntagme déterminant (ou nominal). L'idée selon laquelle il devrait y avoir une théorie spécialisée et cohérente s'occupant de ces phénomènes particuliers est apparue dans les travaux autour des grammaires transformationnelles dans les années 1970.
ExtrapositionExtraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting, which does not generate a discontinuity. The extraposed constituent is separated from its governor by one or more words that dominate its governor. Two types of extraposition are acknowledged in theoretical syntax: standard cases where extraposition is optional and it-extraposition where extraposition is obligatory.
Preposition strandingHistorically, grammarians have described preposition stranding or p-stranding as the syntactic construction in which a so-called stranded, hanging or dangling preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its corresponding object; for example, at the end of a sentence. The term preposition stranding was coined in 1964, predated by stranded preposition in 1949. Linguists had previously identified such a construction as a sentence-terminal preposition or as a preposition at the end.
Logical form (linguistics)In generative grammar and related approaches, the logical form (LF) of a linguistic expression is the variant of its syntactic structure which undergoes semantic interpretation. It is distinguished from phonetic form, the structure which corresponds to a sentence's pronunciation. These separate representations are postulated in order to explain the ways in which an expression's meaning can be partially independent of its pronunciation, e.g. scope ambiguities. LF is the cornerstone of the classic generative view of the syntax-semantics interface.
Head-marking languageA language is head-marking if the grammatical marks showing agreement between different words of a phrase tend to be placed on the heads (or nuclei) of phrases, rather than on the modifiers or dependents. Many languages employ both head-marking and dependent-marking, and some languages double up and are thus double-marking. The concept of head/dependent-marking was proposed by Johanna Nichols in 1986 and has come to be widely used as a basic category in linguistic typology.
Adverbial phraseIn linguistics, an adverbial phrase ("AdvP") is a multi-word expression operating adverbially: its syntactic function is to modify other expressions, including verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adverbials, and sentences. Adverbial phrases can be divided into two types: complement adverbs and modifier adverbs. For example, in the sentence She sang very well, the expression very well is an adverbial phrase, as it modifies the verb to sing.
