Divergence ultravioletteIn physics, an ultraviolet divergence or UV divergence is a situation in which an integral, for example a Feynman diagram, diverges because of contributions of objects with unbounded energy, or, equivalently, because of physical phenomena at infinitesimal distances. Since an infinite result is unphysical, ultraviolet divergences often require special treatment to remove unphysical effects inherent in the perturbative formalisms. In particular, UV divergences can often be removed by regularization and renormalization.
Ensembles causauxLes ensembles causaux (causal sets), ou théorie des ensembles causaux, est une théorie physique qui définit une approche de la gravitation quantique. Ses principes fondateurs sont que l'espace-temps est fondamentalement discret (une distribution de points d'un espace-temps discret, appelés les éléments d'ensemble causal) et que les évènements de l'espace-temps sont reliés par un ordre partiel. Cet ordre partiel possède la signification physique des relations causales des évènements de l'espace-temps.
Universality (dynamical systems)In statistical mechanics, universality is the observation that there are properties for a large class of systems that are independent of the dynamical details of the system. Systems display universality in a scaling limit, when a large number of interacting parts come together. The modern meaning of the term was introduced by Leo Kadanoff in the 1960s, but a simpler version of the concept was already implicit in the van der Waals equation and in the earlier Landau theory of phase transitions, which did not incorporate scaling correctly.
Histoire de la théorie quantique des champsCet article résume l'histoire de la théorie quantique des champs. La théorie quantique des champs est l'application des concepts de la physique quantique aux champs. Issue de la mécanique quantique relativiste, dont l'interprétation comme théorie décrivant une seule particule s'était avérée incohérente, la théorie quantique des champs fournit un cadre conceptuel largement utilisé en physique des particules, en physique de la matière condensée, et en physique statistique.
Régularisation zêtaEn analyse fonctionnelle, la régularisation zêta est une méthode de régularisation des déterminants d'opérateurs qui apparaissent lors de calculs d'intégrales de chemins en théorie quantique des champs. Soit un domaine compact de à bord . Sur ce domaine, on considère l'opérateur positif , où est le Laplacien, muni de conditions aux limites sur le bord du domaine (Dirichlet, Neumann, mixtes) qui précisent complètement le problème.
Causal perturbation theoryCausal perturbation theory is a mathematically rigorous approach to renormalization theory, which makes it possible to put the theoretical setup of perturbative quantum field theory on a sound mathematical basis. It goes back to a seminal work by Henri Epstein and Vladimir Jurko Glaser. When developing quantum electrodynamics in the 1940s, Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, and Freeman Dyson discovered that, in perturbative calculations, problems with divergent integrals abounded.
Length scaleIn physics, length scale is a particular length or distance determined with the precision of at most a few orders of magnitude. The concept of length scale is particularly important because physical phenomena of different length scales cannot affect each other and are said to decouple. The decoupling of different length scales makes it possible to have a self-consistent theory that only describes the relevant length scales for a given problem.
On shell and off shellIn physics, particularly in quantum field theory, configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called "on the mass shell" or simply more often on shell; while those that do not are called "off the mass shell", or off shell. In quantum field theory, virtual particles are termed off shell because they do not satisfy the energy–momentum relation; real exchange particles do satisfy this relation and are termed on shell (mass shell).
